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Personality
pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, behaviors that characterize how an individual adapts to the world
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Which perspective endorses unconscious motion?
psychodynamic perspective
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For Freud, what is the primary motivating force behind behvior?
sexual drive
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Id
- consists of unconscious drives
- reservoir of sexual energy
- works according to pleasure principle
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Ego
- deals with demands of reality
- abides by reality principle
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Superego
- evaluate morality of behavior
- reflected in "conscience"
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Defense mechanism
tactics ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Psychosexual stages (order)
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period, genital stage
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Oral Stage (first 18 months)
pleasure centers around mouth (chewing, sucking, biting reduce tension)`
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Anal Stage (18 to 36 months)
pleasure centers around anus and urethra and their functions (toilet training)
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Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
Pleasure focuses on genitals (discovery that self-stimulation in enjoyable)
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Latency Period ( 6 years to puberty)
- setting aside all interest in sexuality
- no real development (according to Freud)
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Genital Stage (puberty to adulthood)
- sexual reawakening
- source of sexual pleasure outside family
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How does fixation at a particular psychosexual stage influence adult behavior?
That stage colors a person's personality
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What does Jung mean by collective unconscious?
- impersonal, deepest layer of unconscious mind
- shared by all human beings because of ancestral past
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What does Jung mean by archetypes?
emotionally-laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people
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What archetypes refer to masculinity and femininity?
- anima (passive feminine side)
- animus (assertive masculine side)
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According to Adler, compensation is...
the individual's attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing one's own abilities
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According to Adler, inferiority is...
experienced as infants and young children when we interact with bigger, more poweful people
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According to Rogers what is unconditional positive regard?
being accepted, valued and treated positively
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According to Rogers, how is unconditional positive regard used to avoid the development of conditions of worth?
even when a person's behavior is inappropriate, obnoxious, or unacceptable, he or she still needs respect, comfort, and love of others
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What is the method proposed by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept?
the individual must experience a relationship that includes three essential qualities; unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness
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How do trait theories of personality characterize personality?
consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses
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What are the big 5 personality traits?
- Openness to Experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism (Emotional Instability)
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Openness
- imaginative or practical
- interested in variety or routine
- independent or conforming
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Conscientiousness
- Organized or disorganized
- Careful or careless
- Disciplined or impulsive
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Extraversion
- Sociable or retiring
- Fun-loving or somber
- Affectionate or reserved
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Agreeableness
- Softhearted or ruthless
- Trusting or suspicious
- Helpful or uncooperative
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Neuroticism
- Calm or anxious
- Secure or insecure
- Self-satisfied or self-pitying
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Traits
enduring characteristics
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States
briefer experiences, such as moods
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Which perspective on personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals?
Social cognitive
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Reciprocal determinism
the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality
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Self-efficacy
the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
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Why, according to your text, did Mischel almost “derail the scientific study of personality”?
no evidence of cross-situational consistency
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with extraversion?
Dopamine
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Results of behavioral genetics twin studies suggest that heritability estimates for the big five personality factors are about percent?
About 50%
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Self-Report Measure
directly asks people whether different items describe their personality traits
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Social Desirability
when movitvated by social desirability, individuals say what they think the researcher wants to hear or what they think will make them look better
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Empircally Keyed Test
a type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way
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Which type of self-report is developed as an empirically keyed test?
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
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Face Validity
quality of seeming, on the surface, to fit a particular trait in question
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Projective Test
personality assessment test that represents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe ot or tell a sstory about it---to project their own meaning onto the stimulus
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
- ten inkblots, when described, scored for indicating underlying psychological charcateristics
- reliability and validity criticized
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- designed to elicit stories that reveal personality
- higher reliability and validity
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If your clinician emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts, with which psychological approach does he/she align with?
Psychoanalytical
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Independent Variable
the variable the experimenter changes to see what its effects are
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Dependent variable
the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable
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What structures make up the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
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What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
arouses the body to mobilize it for action
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What theory of learning focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping?
Behaviorism
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Classical conditioning
learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
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Operant Conditioning
the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence
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Three processes of memory:
encoding, storage and retrieval
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Activities associated with encoding information:
- attention
- level of processing
- elaboration
- imagery
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What is studied in the field of cognitive psychology?
Approaches seeking to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed
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What is a teratogen?
any agent that causes a birth defect (e.g. chemical substances ingested by the mother, certain illnesses (nicotine, rubella))
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