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Pro-slavery ideology
- Argued that slavery was a "positive good" rather than a "necessary evil."
- Everyone benefits from slavery; slaves provided for, others enjoy goods and don't have to do hard labor
- Argued slavery was better than wage labor system, since southern slaves were "taken care of" while workers in northern factories had no one to look after them
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Andrew Johnson
- Took over presidency after Lincoln was assassinated in 1865
- Although he accepted emancipation, he was still racist and opposed equal rights for blacks
- Seemed to want to take revenge on southern elite since they had to request pardons, but he eventually made pardons much easier to receive
- Stood against radical republicans in his views of reconstruction
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Horace Mann
- Proponent of the "common school"; available to all children in the US
- Standardized curriculum would create a unified national identity
- Would equalize the condition of men and give opportunities to all
- Employed female teachers (paid less) and used McGuffey Readers
- Not a common experience; rich, poor, immigrants, slaves and natives didn't go to the schools
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Compromise of 1850
- Penned by senator Henry Clay
- CA comes into union as a free state (although slavery was practiced there)
- Slave trade was abolished in Washington DC
- Stronger fugitive slave law
- New Mexico and Utah would be decided by popular sovereignty
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John Brown
- "Free-state" advocate in Kansas - waged war against pro-slavery people in KS
- Potawatomie Massacre in response to Sen. Sumner being beaten by southern senator
- Got press attention and became a hero in the north
- Failed rebellion at Harvest Ferry, VA in 1859; tried to get weapons to start black rebellion
- Southerners tied his ideas to Lincoln and were threatened by him
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King Cotton
- Cotton gin made cotton production increase in the south; replaced tobacco as staple crop
- Southern economy exported cotton and world dependence on cotton made southern production very profitable
- Dependence on cotton made slavery stay in the south; slaves were single most valuable financial asset
- South thought they had an upper hand in conflict in north because of cotton; could get help from cotton-dependent nations
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Worcester v. Georgia
- Supreme court decision by John Marshall that Cherokees in GA were a distinct community
- Laws of GA had no force on Cherokees, and Georgians couldn't enter Cherokee land without permission
- Andrew Jackson opposed this decision; Georgians also ignored it and opposed having a sovereign nation within the borders of GA
- Eventually led to the Trail of Tears; removal of Cherokees from GA to OK
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Sen Steven Douglas of IL wanted to fund a rail line from IL to CA
- Promoted establishment of territorial governments in KS and NE; under existing MO compromise, they would be free territories
- To expedite process, he nullifies MO compromise and opens states to popular sovereignty to get southern support
- Assumed that climate and soil would keep slavery out of these territories
- Divides northern and southern Democrats, leads to Lincoln's election and secession
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Temperance
- Lyman Beecher forms American Temperance Society in 1826
- Aim was to use moral suasion to convince Americans not to drink; women protested at saloons
- American Temperance Union aimed for legislation against alcohol; successful on local level
- Establishment of "Washingtonian societies" to keep people sober
- By 1845, 30-35% reduction in alcohol consumption across all class and ethnic groups
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Andrew Jackson
- Ran for president as a "common man" since western expansion made the self-made man possible
- Strong advocate of Indian removal
- Brought party politics to 19th century when his newly organized Democratic party defeated John Quincy Adams in 1828
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Republican Motherhood
- During revolution, men saw women as having important role as republican mothers; responsible for raising good citizens
- Results in education for women so they can educate children
- Builds into movement for women's rights
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The Cult of True Womanhood
- Women's role in 19th century separate spheres ideology; women's role was in the private sphere (home, kitchen, children)
- Women weren't supposed to be in the public sphere because it was male domain and was corrupting
- Women were supposed to be the moral center of the household
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
- 1857 Supreme Court decision
- Slave sued his master for freedom after having lived in a free state
- Ruling said slaves could still be property, even if brought from south to north
- Ruled that slaves weren't citizens or even really human beings
- Said the MO compromise and Wilmot Proviso (popular sovereignty) were unconstitutional, and Congress couldn't ban slavery in any state or territory
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Abolition
- Most radical form of anti-slavery; said slavery needs to end now, without compensation for slave owners, and equal rights given to blacks
- Women featured prominently in abolition movement
- Douglas's narrative tried to persuade middle-class white northerners to join abolitionist cause
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Shays's Rebellion
- Farmer rebellion in MA under Articles of Confederation
- Farmers complained taxes were too high and lands were being taken away
- Since land was linked to liberty, they argued that the MA government was tyrannical
- Rebellion stopped by the state militia
- Made clear that the Articles couldn't work because of no way to respond to rebellions, and no way to check states' power
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Free Labor Ideology
- Northern opposition to slavery; required hard work and independence to succeed
- Success could be achieved by hard work, regardless of circumstances or origin
- Wage labor was only meant to be temporary
- Lincoln embodied this ideology; from humble roots to one of wealthiest men in America and president
- Sparks war with Mexico over Texas so northerners can access land (independence)
- Wilmot Provision provided for no slavery in land acquired from Mexico; pave the way for white free labor
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in response to fugitive slave act
- About an escaped slave family, highlighted problems with fugitive slave act
- Many readers had an emotional response to the book; forced those on the fence to take a stance on slaver
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The Emancipation Proclamation
- Lincoln's stance on slavery was mixed; thought it was morally wrong, but unsure of power to get rid of it, especially since his priority was union
- Carefully wrote his proclamation to free slaves in Confederate states; didn't free those in Union slave states or in Confederate areas under Union control
- Effectively freed slaves where there was no power to enforce the law
- Although legally ambiguous, morally and politically, it defined the war as against slavery, which he had avoided to keep the border slave states loyal to the Union
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Charles Sumner
- Radical anti-slavery congressman
- Opposed Kansas-Nebraska act for breaking MO compromise and opening up northern states to slavery
- Beaten by cousin of a southern senator that he openly opposed in Congress
- Further divided north and south in reaction to act
- Part of what caused John Brown to carry out his Potawatomie Massacre against pro-slavery settlers in KS
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Helen Jewett
- Prostitute killed in bed in 1836; death drew much attention
- Fueled moral reform attempts in NY against "uncontrolled male sexuality that presents a threat to society and women"
- Moral reformers saw it as men's fault, not women's
- Through Jewett's case, people discovered that many prostitutes weren't pure victims and chose their lifestyle for freedom and money
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Popular Sovereignty
- States would decide whether to be slave or free states by voting; took problem out of Congress
- Controversial because it opened up territories that would have been free (MO compromise) to slavery; this happened with the KS-NE act
- Bleeding Kansas as a result between pro- and anti-slavery settlers; much voting fraud and violence cast doubt on the usefulness of poplar sovereignty in deciding states' slave status
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13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
- 13th: abolition of slavery, supported by Lincoln and turned war to save Union into war to free slaves
- 14th: all born or naturalized in US are citizens, no state can take away rights; representation apportioned according to population of voters (i.e. if states take away black voting rights, they don't get counted); no former rebels in office unless Congress approves it; declared Confederate debt void and guaranteed Union's war debt
- 15th: Right to vote for citizens regardless of race, color, or prior slave status
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The Articles of Confederation
- State governments had most power, avoided tyranny by less power in central government
- Central government could declare war but not raise taxes
- Amendments required unanimous vote of the states
- Shays's Rebellion showed Articles wouldn't work; government couldn't stop rebellion or control power of the states
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The Louisiana Purchase
- France sold Louisiana territory to US to fund war against Britain
- Gave opportunities for expansion to many Western settlers
- US gained many non-American people; natives, French, Spanish, blacks; excluded them from self-government until Congress allowed it; went against Jefferson's "empire of liberty"
- Lewis and Clark expedition sent to explore territory and make treaties with natives
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