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SYSTOLE
the phase of the heart beat when heart ventricular muscle contracts and pumps blood from chambers -> arteries
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DIASTOLE
the phase of the heart beat when ventricular muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
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Cardiac Cycle
the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next
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When are the AV valves closed?
during ventricular systole
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What event within the heart causes the AV valves to open?
when the ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure
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When are the semilunar valves closed?
during the diastole of the heart as a whole and during atria systole
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What event causes the semilunar valves to open?
the ventricular pressure is greater than the pressure in arteries leaving their chambers
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Are both sets of valves closed during any parts of the cycle? When?
yes, momentarily after atrial systole and ventricular systole
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Are both sets of valves open during any part of the cycle?
no
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At what point in the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart the highest?
ventricular systole
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Lowest?
ventricular diastole
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What event results in the pressure deflection called the dicrotic notch?
momentary increase in aortic pressure that occurs when semilunar valve snaps shut
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If someones heart rate is 80bpm, what is the length of the cardiac cycle?
0.75 sec
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What portion of the cardiac cycle is shortened with a more rapid heart rate?
ventricular relaxation
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What two factors promote the movement of blood through the heart?
alternate contraction and relaxation of myocardium, and opening and closing of the heart valves
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The length of a normal cardiac cycle
0.8 sec
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The time interval of atrial systole
0.1 sec
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The ventricular contraction period
0.3 sec
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The quiescent period, or pause
0.4 sec
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The monosyllables describing the heart sounds are
lub - dup
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The first heart sound is a result of the closure of the
AV valves
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The second heart sound is a result of the closure of the
semi lunar valves
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The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first sound are the
ventricles
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The chambers that have just been emptied are the
atria
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Immediately after the second heart sound, the ___ and ___ fill with blood
atria and ventricles
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Which valve is heard most clearly when the apical heartbeat is auscultated
bicuspid valve
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How might abnormal sounds be used to diagnose heart problems?
murmurs often indicates valvular problems. other sounds such as high pitched often indicate valves not closing tightly
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Pulse
rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them
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Superficial Temporal
in front of the ear
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Dorsal Pedis
on the dorsum of the foot
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Common Carotid
- at the side of the neck
- *best because closest to the neck
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Systolic Pressure
ventricular ejection
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Diastolic Pressure
ventricular relaxation
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Sounds of Korotkoff
sounds heard when the arteries decompress and move blood along them
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How do venous pressures compare to arterial pressures?
they are much lower, arterial walls get their pressure via force of the L ventricle, veins get their pressure via muscle pumps
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Valsalva
moderate forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway
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Decreased blood pressure
- increased diameter of the arterioles
- hemorrhage
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Increased blood pressure
- increased blood velocity
- increased cardiac output
- ateriosclerosis
- increased pulse rate
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Position in which your blood pressure is the highest
reclining
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What name is given to the process of RBC production?
Erythropoiesis
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What hormone acts as a stimulus for this process?
erythropoietin
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Why might a patient with kidney disease suffer from anemia?
- Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys
- *treat: increase iron intake
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Hematocrit
percent of the concentration of RBC in the blood
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What is an anticoagulant?
- prevents the blood from clotting
- thrombin
- heparin - bodies natural anticoagulant
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Explain why RH- patients does not have a transfusion reaction on first exposure to RH + blood, but does on the second?
Because body has no antibodies and takes time to make them
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What happens when ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time?
you have an immediate reaction because there are antibodies already, they are there 4-6 months after birth
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hCG
- hormone in pregnant women
- if the test is positive the hCG will show that the antigen has binded to it and is present
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Why is ELISA so sensitive?
because it uses antibodies for its detection method
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What is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?
- monoclonal is one specific type of antigen - bind to only one epitope
- polyclonal can be made up of different types of antibodies - recognize numerous epitopes
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How are monoclonal antibodies generated?
hybridoma cells
- mouse injected with desired antigen ->
- after response, spleen cells are combined with cancer cells ->
- hybridoma cells ->
- antibody producing hybridoma cells cloned -> monoclonal antibodies isolated for cultivation
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What type of physiological problems do humans encounter at high altitudes?
- trouble breathing
- shortness of breath
- (pulmonary related problems)
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What is the specific pulmonary response to high altitude?
- breathing deeper: hyperventillation
- breathing faster: tachypnea
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Response to overall blood gases?
- CO2 decrease
- O2 increase
- makes it harder to unload O2 from hemoglobin
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What physiological changes will occur when someone lives at altitude for an extended period?
- greater concentration of RBC
- increased 2:3 DPG
- *increase transfer of O2 to target tissues
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Pathway:
- increased altitude ->
- decreased PO2 ->
- increased demand for RBCs -> Erythropoitein->
- decreased demand 2,3 DPG-> increased RBCs
- ? ->
- increased 2,3 DPG in RBCs
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ALD
- Adreno Leuko Dystrophys
- only in males
- most does within 3 years of diagnosis
- sex-linked
- female carriers only
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The biochemical basis of this disease is related to the metabolism of what molecules?
very long chain saturated fatty acids
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How does the build up of VLCSFAs affect the myelin sheath?
ALD corrodes myelin -> degeneration of the brain
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Polish rats research:
load diet with one fat and decrease biosynthesis of another
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competitive inhibition
distract the enzyme by keeping it make monounsaturated distracts it from elongating the long chain fats
adding C22 Erucic acid - causes cardiac problems in rats
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