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organizational levels of living things
atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organ systems, organisims
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anatomical postistion
body erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
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anatomy
the science of the structure of living things
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physiology
the science of the function of licing things
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superior
refers to the head or upper body
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inferior
pertaining to a postition ner the tail end of the long axis of the body
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ventral
anterior or front
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dorsal
pertaining to a position near the tail end of the long axis of the body
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distal
farthest from the point of attachment
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proximal
toward the attached end of a limb of the origin of a structure
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medial
toward the midline of the body
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antecubial
anterior surface of the elbow
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brandal
pertaining to the arm
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carpal
one of the eight bones of the wrist
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occipital
pertaining to the area at the back of the head
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dorsal
pertianing to the back; prosterior
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thoracic
refers to the chest
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synovial membranes
membrane that lines the scpaule of a synovial joint (non epithelial)
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epidermus
the outer layers of the skin; epithelium
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melanin
the dark pigment synthesized by melanocytes, responsible for skin color
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functions of the skin
protects deeper tissues from mechanical damage (bumps), chemical damage (acids and bases), bacterial damage, ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight), thermal (heat or cold) damage, dessication (drying out), acids in body heat loss, aids in excreation of urea and uric acid, synthesizes vitamin d
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pili muscles
when the muscles contractm the hair is pulled upright and this action helps keep animals warm by adding a layer of insulating air to the fur
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sweat glands
they are supplied with nerce endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is high
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ABCD rule in diagnosing melanomas
- A- asymmetry- the two sides of the pigmented spot do not match
- B- border irregularity- the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations
- C- colo- the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors
- D- diameter- the spot is larger than 6mm in diameter/ infection
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yellow marrow
cavuty of the shaft, primarily a storage area for adipose
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epiphysealplate
flat plate of hyaline cartilage, seen in a young growing bone
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osteoblasts
bone forming cells
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lacunae
cavities within the matrix (where osteosystes are found)
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greenstick fracture
bone breaks incompletely, common in children
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chief minerals stored by bone, ossification, what tissues form the model of bones
calcium and phosporus/ bone formation/ hyaline cartilage
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axial skeleton
skill, vertibrial column, rib cage
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aphiarthroses
a slightly movable joint
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synarthroses
an immovable joint
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diarthroses
a freely movable joint
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skeletal muscle
voluntary-straited
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cardiac muscle
involuntary- straited
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smooth muscle
involutary- non-striated
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sarcomere
contractile unit
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myosin
one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle
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neuromusclular junction
the region where a motor nueron comes into close contact whit a skeletal muscle
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acetylcholine
a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings
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actin
a contractile protein of muscle
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perimysium
the connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscles fibers
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levels of structure of muscles from smallest to largest
sarcomere, myofilaments, myofibril, muscle fiber, fasicle
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naming muscles
direction of fibers, size of the muscle, location, number of origins, location of origin and insertion, shape, action
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cenral nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
spinal and cranial nerves
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micoglial cells
scattered throughout the central system, digest debris or bacteria
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oligodenrocytes
provide inculation (myelin) around the axons
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astrocytes
connect blood vessels to neurons exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the blood brain barrier
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ependymal cells
form a membrane that covers brain like parts - reduce cerebrospinal fluid
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schwann cells
form the insulating myelin sheath around neurons of the PNS
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synapse
the region of communication between neurons
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neurotransmitter
chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them
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gyrus
an outward fold of the surface of the cerebral cortex
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sulcus
a furrow on the brain, less deep than a fissure
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