neuro.txt

Decade of the brain

An exaggerated need to submit to strong authority, rigid adherence toconventional patterns of behavior, a commitment to harsh punishment for deviant behavior, and general hostility (Altmeyer)

Used to treat patients with severe epilepsy or Parkinson's

Nuclei rotate with a frequency proportional to the magnetic field

French philosopher believed that the mind and body were separated (duallism), implicated that the brain (pineal gland) was the interface between the mind and the body

A cap consisting of electrodes that detect electrical activity within the brain

Philosopher who demonstrated geometric shapes can be seen as human to other humans (anthropomorphization)

Genetic codes are reviewed for correlations in certain behaviors.

The manner in which objects and events are perceived to go together (configuration); emerged in perception research (usually of inanimate objects)

Father of prejudice studies; prejudice emerges from the creation of grouping

Basic units of society; provide belonging and security; define individual identities

A center the controls everything in the brain

The idea of that there is some phase-sensitive learning of certain social attributes, like language

Individual behavior results from stable individual differences in behavioral disposition brought about by stabilities in the social environment

German-American founder of social psychologist who believed in using the scientific method

Festinger did the theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory

Can be used to correlate changes in behavior with region that was lesion

Inferring the mental state of another- intentions, goals, desires; satisfies the desire for information and allows prediction of behavior

People subconsciously make the same emotion of the face that is shown to them

Jewish psychologist studied prejudice and stereotyping. Mainly known for the Boys at Camp experiment.

Magnetic hydrogen nuclei absorb and re-emit the oscillating radio frequency

A methodology where patients are injected with radioactive chasers so that blood flow can be tracked within the brain.

Each part of the brain is responsible for one particular trait

The first neuro-sociologist; believed the seat of reason was the heart, not the brain

Control over valued resources leads to control over another's outcomes

Can the experiment be repeated?

Can be used for specific activation or inactivation in different parts of the brain to observe changes

Considers another agent's mental state-- results from cognitions and emotions involving other agents that possess actual, imagined, or implied mental states

New behavior is acquired through observational learning

Interdisciplinary attempt to explain social behavior and its neural correlates

Famous American social psychologist known for his experiment where participants had choices to shock other participants within the study

A structural feature of society that allows stratification

Does the experiment measure what it suppose to measure?

Father of psychology

As one variable increases, another decreases, and vice versa

Alternative hypothesis: A statement that there is a difference between conditions

Experimental design in which participants are put into 1 of 2 groups: the experimental or the control group.

An actor put in a study by the experimenter to perform some function or behavior. The actual participant does not know that this person is an actor.

Features introduced to an experiment by virtue of the fact that it is a research study and participants know they are a part of it. Particularly a problem with with-subject studies

The variable that is measured based on the effect of the IV.

a fear of contamination. self-terminating behavior since they (a) motivate avoidance from the emotion-inducing stimuli, and (b) readily habituate.

The design must elicit social behavior. Somewhat ok in passive viewing paradigms or social interactions (thanks to the Internet)

The subtle and unintentional transmission of the hypothesis to participants by the experimenter. Controlled best by keeping the experimenter blind to the hypothesis, or at least blind to the condition.

An experiment tests causal relationships between variables in a controlled environment

The situation is involving, participants must take it seriously, and it has an impact on them.

The goal of each experiment IS to be applicable to real-life phenomena;Considers social process as complicated, real-life approximations of the calculations and processes the brain actually performs

People have their own theories and hypotheses about the behaviors researchers are testing

A statement about the effect of an IV on a DV

The subject must believe the sociality of the situation. Extremely difficult with electrode cap, inside scanner, or electrodes attached to face, fingers, or chest.

the variable that is manipulated

One variable completely explains the relationship between two variables. A-->B-->C

There is a different relationship between two variables at different levels of a third variable. Kind of like a confounding variable.

The extent to which events occurring in the laboratory are likely to occur in the real world

There is no neutral for social stimuli; neutral is always slightly positive.

A statement that there is no difference between experimental and control conditions

The wider set of variables (people) about which an inference is made.

As one variable increases or decreases, so does another.

The psychological processes that occur in real-life occur in the experiment

Elements of an experiment, often without strict control

An inference about functionality based statistical differences in a task

The data collected in the experiment

A probability assessment from a sample that an observed difference or effect really exists in a population. Usually 95%

The goal of each experiment is not necessarily to be applicable to real-life phenomena. Considers neuroscience techniques as additional dependent variable for social psychology theory–testing.

A part of the experiment that is manipulated or measured

Experimental design in which participants serve as their own controls (1 subject, 2 conditions). Difficult to achieve in many social behavior experiments

almond-shaped subcortical region; phylogenetically old; one of the most connected brain regions implicated in many behaviors; emotion. Probably a vigilance region. Lesions to it can cause ToM impairments, etc.

Law in physics. States that the strength of the magnetic field and subsequent current deteriorates with distance

One type of patient that can be worked with in studies involving clinical patients. These patients had some sort of traumatic accident and now have a deficit due to it.

consideration with patient studies. Must consider if the population will be able to complete the required tasks to the best of their abilities.

The presence or absence of one variable leads to the presence or absence of another. Critical for establishing functionality

consideration with patient studies. Presence of another disease/disorder along with the one that you're looking at. Could be a confounding variable in the study.

the different cases used in the overall experimental setup.

TMS subcategory specifically for deeper brain regions.

one of two variables that contributes to social deficits with OFC damage. Includes the somatic marker hypothesis and reinforcement and reversal theory.

An electrical current is generated in a conductor whenever the conductor is placed in a rapidly changing magnetic field.

Causes relative depolarization and is dependent on the activity on inhibitory GABA neurons.

the combination of spatial and temporal resolution; used to examine a causal relationship (specifically in TMS).

Produces remote effects (transsynaptic effects) via white matter tract

Targets underlying tissue.

The smallest power necessary to elicit involuntary finger movements over motor cortex

Association cortex, implicated in social behaviors such as social cognition, Reward, Positive Affect, Working Memory

associated with impaired interpersonal behavior; specifically, causes behavior with strangers in ways that are more appropriate for interactions with close others.

The overall experimental setup of the experiment.

One type of patient that can be worked with in studies involving clinical patients. These patients have some sort of neurodevelopmental or mental health disorder.

Railroad worker; tamping iron shoot through his frontal lobe; 1848;large changes in his personality due to the accident. His case is famous in that it linked social behavior to the frontal cortex.

proposes that OFC is necessary for evaluating what behaviors will generate positive emotion and negative emotion in a given context.

Repeated pulses administered for a few minutes creates a larger window of effect single the effect of a single pulse lasts for a very short duration.

one of two variables that contributes to social deficits with OFC damage. The ability/cognitive processes used to evaluate one's behavior in the moment and make sure that the behavior is consistent with how they want to behave and how other people expect them to behave. Basically an ability to gage your own appropriateness.

induces a state of hyperpolarization and is dependent on the activity on inhibitory GABA neurons.

proposes that OFC is critical for interpreting somatic sensations(=to emotions in this situation) that are needed to make decisions

Region of the cortex implicated in intentionality.

transmembrane potentials (secondary electric currents) depolarize underlying brain cells tangentially oriented to the skull, causing them to fire rapidly or cease firing at all; surface cortical regions.

A recording of the magnetic fields generated within the brain.

When in-group and out-group faces are differentiated

depolarization across the cell membrane leads to the firing of a neuron

40 item questionnaire assessing magnitude/intensity of emotions (general reactivity)

8-18 Hz - posterior - relaxation, eyes closed -Attenuated by attention and mental effort

Associated with left PFC activation

Beck Depression Inventory, measures cognitive, affective, and somatic symptoms of depression

13-30 Hz - anterior - local processing?

Caused by motion of charges (flow of charges due to a potential difference)

generated by the motion of charges

EEG/MEG detector location, near top of head, between frontal and parietal lobes.

<4Hz - deep sleep - very high amplitude

neural electric currents by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, surface of the brain (intracranial) or placed within substance of the brain (depth), most sensitive to dipoles oriented normal to surface

skull cap w/ electrodes to measure electrical activity, amplifiers --> generation of electroencephalogram

1 picotesla - very small

potential energy of a partical generated by a charge difference between the particle and a nearby particle

Recording of the potentials on the scalp generated by currents emanating from the nerve cells in the brain

Instrument for performing electroencephalography

A distinct neural signal that results from cognitive activity/cerebral processing. EEG measurement that can correspond to a function or activity.

any neuronal response by stimulating sensory receptors/peripheral nerves, time-related to cog. processes or motor programming; most from primary sensory responses v. cognitive processing/direct brain recording

Naison (front) and Inion (back) serve as general guides for the placement of the EEG skull cap

Every waveform can be represented by a series of frequency elements according to Fourier analysis theory (The Fourier transform is a mathematical operation that decomposes a function into its constituent frequencies, known as its frequency spectrum)

EEG/MEG detector location, above frontal lobe

30-100 Hz - local processing

first to report electrical signals recorded from human scalp (EEG)

Fiducial marking on skull using to find detector locations, is the bump at the back bottom of your skull

non-face evaluative judgments, magnitude of the response provides a graded index of the degree to which a target stimulus differs evaluatively from the preceding context, not under conscious control

Generated by a moving charge; exert forces on moving charges

recording of magnetic fields generated w/in brain

the recording of magnetic fields generated in the brain by means of sensitive magnetic field detectors placed close to the scalp

Murrie and Cornell somethingsomething, measures tendency to deny negative characteristics that are likely to be common in the general population

Recording of neural magnetic fields by means of sensitive mag. field detectors positioned close to the scalp. Most sensitive to dipoles oriented parallel to surface. Great spatial res, poor temporal res

Unit of electrical field detection

component of the ERP to an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli (unexpected attributes etc.), corresponds to the P300

negative deflection, threatening primes elicit more attention, thought to be an orienting response (Kubota & Ito)

Specialized for faces

Detects synchronicity, issues with continuity (i.e. He filled his refrigerator with socks.)

Fiducial marking on skull using to find detector locations, located at bridge of nose

larger in response to angry and fearful facial expression than to neutral facial expressions; also larger to Blacks than Whites in White participants

localized to ACC, error related negativity. We think it's related to executive control, signal is more common when expectation different from actual outcome (detection of change)

corresponds to mismatch negativity, attention to motivationally significant stimuli or hightly arousing stimuli (Kubota & Ito)

20 emotion descriptors that assess positive & negative affect (used in Watson et al. 1988 study)

unit of magnetic field strength; on skull, strength of magnetic fields are .1 to 1 picotesla (very very small)

EEG/MEG detector location, above parietal lobe

restricts current flow

emotions are expressed more clearly on left side of face due to the dominance of the right hemisphere in emotional expression

fits over skull of subject, contains a predetermined number of wells that are filled with conductive gel; electrodes are then applied in these wells to measure the EEG signal

magnetic field detector - tiny loop of superconductor interrupted @ two points by Josephson junctions. Converts mag. field effect on minute currents to a voltage. Range: as small as 1 femotesla. Used in MEG.

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, measures cognitive and affective components of anxiety

anterior temporal electrode sites in skull cap for EEG

Unit of magnetic field strength. Just above skull - brain's magnetic fields are .1-1 picotesla (tiny)

4-8 Hz - drowsiness or light sleep - frontal midline theta proportional to mental effort

the left hemiface bias is stronger for negative emotions and weaker or reversed for positive emotions

same thing as the N170, sensitive to face processing, early structural coding stage

Shape & form of an EEG signal, may have several high frequency components

The group an individual identifies with

Anyone not in the group that an individual identifies with

Body's way of storing free energy - released when it is converted to adenosine DIphosphate (ADP, though Harris accidentally called it ATD)

neural activity increases CBF to replenish neurons, tracked by brain imaging techniques

Volume per minute moving through vessels in the brain, THIS is measured, not CBV

Volume occupied by vessels in the brain

more structural; and focuses on the grey matter

Uses NMR concepts of nuclear magnetic moments to visualize neural activity related to CO2 byproduct of metabolism; blood flow="flooding the garden to water one flower"

Metabolized to produce ATP (1 glucose molecule = 38 ADP converted to ATP)

Metabolic process that produces 4 ATP but uses 2 for net of 2 ATP

Time lapse between actual activity and the CO2 output you are measuring - total 16-18 sec. between stimuli recommended

Uses radioactive dyes to visualize neural activity (spatial resolution, 1 cubic cm)

structural, very detailed, can look at entire brain

functional, not so great resolutino but shows activity. obtained by subtraction...DIFFERENCE of activity. poor temporal resolution, can be overlaid on T1

Metabolic process that produces 36 ATP, uses oxygen unlike glycolysis

hypothesized that blood likely rushes to cortical regions in relation to activity (related to MRI)

changes in ANS can indicate shifts in emotion, motivation, attention, preferences; implicit measure, linked to mental and physical health vulnerabilities

Part of the peripheral nervous system; serves regulatory system, helps the body adapt to internal and environmental demands, maintains homeostasis

amount of pressure on the vessel walls during the cardiac cycle,

Includes Heart-rate variability (Electrocardiogram, ECG), Respiration, Cardiac output

Darwin's thesis: the configuration of emotional facial expressions has evolved from a functional role in regulating sensory intake

the organism acquires a conditioned fear response to a previously neutral stimulus through the direct experience with its pairing with a naturally aversive event, the unconditioned stimulus

furrows the brow; associated with effort, anger, sadness, disgust

the configuration of emotional facial expressions has evolved from a functional role in regulating sensory intake

involve perceptions and judgments of the danger, uncertainty, and required effort in a motivated performance situation

lowest pressure in the arteries

we have indentified and validated physiological indices of threat and challenge on the basis of patterns of neurally and hormonally controlled cardiovascular responses

Equipment, diffuse response, signal to noise

Heart produces a measurable electrical signal; recording consists of P, Q, R, S, and T waves

Includes Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Skin Conductance Response (SCR)

a measure of the electric activity (action potentials) generated during muscle contraction

proxy for attention, records the position of the retina on a screen

physiological technique for measuring constriction of muscle fibers; record electrical activity of motor units prior to contraction of muscle

measures responses in the eccrine sweat glands

where is the participant looking

Noninvasive technique to measure blood flow changes in the heart, allow estimates of how much blood is ejected during each heart cycle

raises upper lip & flares nostrils; associated with a disgust facial expression

Approximately [(2 X DBP) + SBP]/3

EMG records changes in electrical potentials from the conduction of action potentials at the motor units during muscle contration

activate muscle fibers

hypothesized to be involved in mentalizing about self and others

part of bundles of muscle fibers; contains proteins actin and myosin

learning through observing others or situations involving fear

creates 'crows feet' at the eyes; cannot be intentionally activated; in combination with zygomaticus major activation, produces Duchene (true) smile

created the standard set of facial expressions widely used in research; the show Lie to Me is based on him; not taken as seriously today

SBP-DBP

how wide or small the pupils open or close

have long emphasized the role of conscious reasoning in morality

involve perceptions and judgments of knowledge and abilities relevant to situational performance, dispositional characteristics and external support in the situation

Measured using a strain gauge

how many, position, and temporal sequence of saccades

passes a small current through the skin via bipolar placement of sensors, measures the resistance to that current, reciprocal to the resistance in SC

Unipolar electrode, anybody have a better explanation

startle is an involuntary defense response; affected by situational factors, dispositional, and information processing methods

many theorists argue that bearers of stigmas cause perceivers to feel a sense of uncertainty, discomfort, anxiety, or even danger during social interactions

perceivers interacting with stigmatized others experience threat

peak pressure in the arteries

pulls the corners of the lips to a curl; associated with smiles, happiness

Ability to measure the true concentrations of a hormone

Can occur during cyclical changes (ovulation), temporary

Can be used to spin hormonal samples in assaying to push course content to bottom of tubes and isolate supernant (watery part of sample)

Body's day cycle affects hormone levels, controlled for by testing during afternoons only

Steroid, stress hormone, interacts with testosterone in competitive contexts

Use enzymatic labels differentiated by coloration, luminescence, or fluorescence; less sensitive/accurate than RIA

Steroid, precursor to estrogen, promotes oxytocin expression, important for dominant responses in competitive interactions for women

Messenger molecules, carry signals at the speed of light, er, blood; released by neurons (hypothalamus) and glands (pituitary gland) into bloodstream); can have different effects in the body and in the brain

Affects hormone levels, controlled by figuring out position of females in their cycle

Control, tightly monitor release of hormones (if hormone levels change, brain releases another hormone to travel to glands to increase or decrease amount of hormones in circulation) - hormone levels affect other hormones

Occur during development or hormonal flux (puberty), have lasting influences that change shape and function of organism

Peptide, increases trust behavior in certain contexts, reduces fear response and amygdala activation, increases ToM ability; increases ability to recognize faces you've seen before (Rimmele et al)

Specifcity, Sensitivity, Accuracy & Precision

Short protein molecules composed of small number of amino acids, large molecular structure, easily broken down. Goal setters: set the motivational state. Are localized, but depend on steroid signals to promote their synthesis and action

Closeness of agreement between sample results repeatedly and independently obtained under stable conditions

Method for assessing salivary hormone levels with radioactively labeled hormones

Lowest dose of hormone that can be distinguished from no dose of hormone

Ability to maximize measurement of targeted hormone, and minimize measurement of non-targeted

Synthesized in body from cholesterol, highly stable structure, not bound to proteins, smaller than peptides on average. Play makers: set the pace of communication

Steroid, promotes vasopressin expression, related to increased attention to angry faces and aggressive-dominant personality style, important for dominant responses in competitive interactions for men

Peptide, seems to prepare person for aggression, involved in tend or befriend vs fight or flight, increases anxiety; sometimes thought of as the female testosterone

serotonin

duplication or deletion of larger sections of DNA (includes inversions & translocations)

discipline investigating cultural variation in psychological, neural and genomic processes

enzyme that facilitates addition of a A,C,T,G basepair on the sugar phosophate backbone of DNA

a gene sequence present in less than 1% of population, that affects regulation of gene and/or functional protein product

process for determining differences in genetic makeup of organisms

combinations of alleles/genes at different loci of the same chromosome that are inherited together

genotyping 270 individuals from 4 phylogenetically old populations

nonrandom association of alleles in haplotypes. Gives us ability to make comparisons within the population to see what variations useful for functionality

use a set of markets designed to be in LD with all variants

all parts and all functions of an organism vary within definite limits. Universal in organic existence

study extreme phenotypes, rare genetic variations can give us insight into neural mechanisms

method for assessing length variations of DNA

probability of detecting variation

itemize variants that are candidates for functionality

single nucleotide change (changing an A to a C), most commonly investigated genetic trait

psychosis comes as a by product of social brain evolution and thus based on genetic factors support higher order social cognition

ability to represent the mental state of others, higher order form of social cognition representing thoughts, emotions and intentions of others

neuropeptide, key modulator of complex emotional and social behaviors including attachment, recognition, aggression and anxiety

arise though recombination. large repeats in DNA

Actors tend to attribute their actions to external, situational causes, whereas observers tend to attribute the same actions to causes internal to the actor

Goal is to increase another person's welfare

Bennington Study, more liberal throughout time in college

based on similarities, physically closer people are more likely to be in a relationship; familiriaty brreds good feelings

ordinary ppl social behavior? Dispositional (internal) attributions vs. situational (external) attributions; represents an attempt to determine the antecedents and consequences of some of man's causal beliefs

Crandall's sorority study, binging

conceived of the perceptual process as an arc encompassing two end points--the entity represented or the distal stimulus and the local representation or the proximal stimuli serve as cues to the underlying distal stimuli, Bruswik noted that there is no one-to-one connection betwen them, and he proposed that the organism must venture hypotheses as the what type of entity has most probably caused the givn cues

mediator is more likely to be just and see where others are not

the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to what individual perceive is normal to their society or social group

the observer's tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors

social and behavioral norms that are considered to be appropriate for a specific gender

in-group favoritism, out-group not liking

derived directly from Brunswik's treatment of perception. Just as the perceiving organism must integrate the highly variable cues given in proximal stimulation in order to "infer" the relatively unchanging object that gave rise to them, the attributing organism must integrate the cues given in responses in order to infer the more stable factors that gave rise to them

the idea that the context is relevant to the interpretation elicited; used with the triangles and circles experiment

used homeless person as an example; how view people people in a difference social class than ourselves

people in high positions, as decision maketrs are less moral

Perceive other in need+take other's perspective; respond with empathy; experience altruistic motivation to reduce other's need; conduct cost-benefit analysis of helping; help

cog. processes might be engaged in by the individ during "inference."proposed individ interprets a given response in the context of the info gleaned from experiment like variations of conditions (distinctiveness, consesus, consistency)

3 important concepts: the power of the situation, situational construal, tension systems

groups made on very arbitrary differences such as artist preferences or dot estimation

conformity based on a desire to fulfill others' expectations or to gain acceptance

it is the process of guiding or bringing oneself or another toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic means

used the example of the Nazis; group we belong to has an effect on behavior and neural activity

how the individual influences his/her own decisions

demonstrated in the Stanford prison experiment; has capacity to ovewhelm normal personality traits

an unconscious defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are logically justified and explained in a rational or logical manner in order to avoid any true explanation and made consciously tolerable by plausible means

a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior

Goal is to increase one's own welfare

when people attribute their successes to internal or personal factors but attribute their failures to situational factors beyond their control

Studies of altruistic motivation, Laboratory studies of helping behavior, field studies of extreme acts of helping

used in reference to Asch's line study in which the participant would conform to the incorrect answer after proving their ability to discern longer lines

behavior arising from altruistic motivation, helping (or other prosocial behavior)

Conduct empirical tests of armchair theories, such as "How do markets and people actually behave?"

How to test reward and punishment in economic situations

Given options, have to choose one of them. Ex: Pick one three paths, you have x% likelihood of getting $x

A gets money and decides how much money they will share with B (dictator and recipient)

Real economic games simulate psychological constructs

The study of markets and people; specialize in mathematical armchair theories; do not care about what actually happens in real world; skeptics about experiments - they use decision-making scenarios

Not contributing money but getting benefits from Public Goods Game

Punishment; how people learn.

People perceive themselves and others as positive by default

Reward; how people learn.

Shifting of activation from reward to prediction. When you’re in world, you make expectancies of what will happen. • If suddenly I walk out of class and there’ no corridor …

Both say they're guilty: 3 years each. One says guilty the other not guilty: 1yr/5yrs. Joint cooperation: 2 yrs

Scenario where one person's benefit costs the group and themselves; cattle farmers,Live in a place with fixed resource of grass,If my cows graze, less for neighbors to use and less for me to use in the future

Complex PD. Imagine:Endowed a lot of money. Decide how much do you contribute to public good? (taxes) When it's in the public good, money gets multiplied and you all share it - everyone must part.free riding

Hallucinations and Delusions; due to excess domanine

when you meet someone, you perceive them in WARMTH (nice, not) and COMPETENCE (ability to enact intentions) -> PITY, PRIDE, DISGUST, ENVY; People perceived with disgust: low reactivity in MPFC

Investor is given money. He can either keep it or give it to trustee to invest it. If invested, money gets multiplied; Trustee chooses how much to give back to investor

Like Dictator, but B is not passive - can accept and reject the split. If rejected, nobody gets the money.

Either A wins and B loses, or vice versa; no sharing of whatever resource is

Gap between the physical stance and the intentional stance.

Locus of moral concern

The study of knowledge

Particular moral issues and theories that attempt to resolve them

One cannot derive 'ought' from 'is'

Receive a letter asking you to donate $200 to Africa

Mindreading. View humans as agents of actions with intentional mental states, a way to predict behavior.

Subject and object of experience are one. The world as emotions, pains, pleasures and other conscious mental states

Concerned with fundamental issues: "Is Capital Punishment Wrong?". Broader than Ethics

No physical machine can replace "personhood"

debunks moral judgments as simply a by-product of evolutionarily advantaged cognitive and affect processing

Generating intuitions about nonphysical nature of consciousness

Mistake of identifying that which is natural with that which is good

facts about right and wrong are amendable to scientific discovery

Encounter a bleeding man on the side of the road, Should you help him?

A core component of what it is to be human, that's independent of mindreading/intentional stance

Folk physics. Predictions based on actual physical state of object, governed by laws of nature

for good of the species, the government ought not interfere with nature's tendency to let the strong dominate the weak

dogs (innately) understand human pointing better than wolves (so this ability is not a result of a common ancestor b/w canines and humans) and chimps (not homology) do - dogs have co-evolved with humans

continue to rear kids for manyyearsafterweaning (weaning can end soon,mothers can breed again sooner); argument, allomothering reduces xenophobia and violent interactions b/w humans; brain size NOT a factor

observed by Youk et al. in E. coli study - a few resistant bacteria produced indole at their own expense energetically to help the rest of the culture resist the antibiotic norfloxacin

must cognitively know about goal & current obstacles, must motivationally exert effort to help other person with no immediate self benefit

similar trait between two species derived as a consequence of similar environmental pressures; not a trait of a common ancestor

experimental foxes selectively bred against xenophobia understood human pointing better than control foxes not selectively bred

father of evolution, theory of evolution by natural selection

psychological state in which an individual's cognitions, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are at odds

primarily driven by species sociality (cognition evolves to solve challenges posed by specific environments)

two or more species descended from a common species of organism

individuals (often relatives) care for offspring that are not their own (humans, tamarin monkeys)

Comparative approach of different species can identify both the uniqueness of human and the process by which this uniqueness evolved

the reduction of human xenophobia in non-human species; artificial selection by humans is a defining characteristic

a possible alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance, a result of physiological arousal, effort alters the hedonic value of a reward

process by which species become better adapted to their enviornments

interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and behavior from a comparative perspective - origins of humans, common ancestry w/ other species

individuals are given a choice between two items that they have rated as equally attractive; subjects are asked to re-rate items after making the choice

similar trait between two species derived as a consequence of a shared common ancestor (preserved evolutionarily)

different ecology (cooperative hunting & gathering), sexuality (long-term pair bonds, discrete mating), cognition (language, teaching), culture (complex artifacts), social organization (intense cooperation), lifespan (long lifespan, mid-life menopause)

measure self, rewards given to self by those given to others; chimps exhibit this, as do humans - become dissatisfied w/ reward if see another get a "better" reward

observed inWarneken & Tomasello in young chimps, though not to the same degree as human infants when tested on the same task

in competitive, but NOT cooperative contexts

Darwin's theory of evolution;the environ exerts selective pressures on species that promote survival of the fittest organisms that are best-adapted to their enviornment: they survive and reproduce, passing their well-adapted traits along to offspring

the specific place in the environment occupied by an organism (can include things like predation relationships)

helping behavior (chimp pushes sponge to experimenter, child hands clothespin to experimenter); requires understanding of goal & of others' intentions

immediate psychological and physiological mechanisms causing a particular behavior (e.g. hormones, active brain areas)

evolutionary causes of a behavior - what are the costs and benefits to the species, in terms of SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION

developed prefrontal cortex, hyper-sociality, understanding another's mind in a cooperative context

relationship between two quantities such that when one changes the other does (can be positive, negative, or zero)

heat map of correlations that can generate predictions about probability that an event will occur in the future

one of the robots in the videos presented to us; was just the head, had the ability to communicate emotions through "facial" movements

Maximal response is one component of a much more complex phenomenon of interactions between neurons

area in the ventral temporal cortex thought to be specialized for face representation

use of a pattern classifier to analyze (fMRI) data; involves searching through the BOLD signal data produced in fMRI experiments to identify patterns that are highly predictive of task conditions

one of the robots in the videos presented to us, full body robot, had the ability to "speak"

when one variable increases, the other variable decreases

Schematic representation of weighted values derived from correlation coefficients, giving better estimates of how a neuron should respond in concert with other neurons (diagram of weighted interconnected pts)

proposes that the representation of faces and different categories of objects are widely distributed overlapping; small cortical area can support many responses b/c each neural response exhibits a distinct pattern in the ventral temporal cortex

area in the ventral temporal cortex thought to be specialized for encoding and representation of scenes

software program/technique that aggregates large amounts of data and finds patterns in it, capable of generating predictions for future patterns (e.g. Pandora radio, Facebook)

split imaging data in half, use half to train pattern classifier on your data, test the pattern classifier on the other half of the data, edit classifier if necessary

anything from simple discrimination tasks to much more complex phenomena

when one variable increases, the other one increases; when one variable decreases, the other decreases (positive slope)

can extrapolate information from one dimensional data (input space) and some information about weights & correlative relationships to another dimension (feature space)

if hormone levels are already high (such as in the morning) injecting more hormone won't have much of an effect

random distribution on a 2-variable scatter plot; no relationship between the two variables