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Although the majority of Classic Maya sites were abandoned, Seibal flourished after the collapse of Dos Pilas. List 4 of new artistic traditions and pottery styles that appeared at Seibal after A.D. 830:
- Plumbate
- No long count date, square glyph
- Bones in nose
- Speech scroll
- Snakes = snakes
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Name three sites that flourished along the Atlantic Coast after the collapse of the Classic Period:
- Tulum
- Cozumel
- Lamanai (Belize)
- Xunantunich (Belize)
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People living in the Northern Maya Lowlands rely on naturally forming wells known as ________________ for water because __________________________.
- Cenotes
- No rivers above ground
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The majority of farmers in the N. Maya Lowlands employ ____________________.
Swidden agriculture (a.k.a. slash & burn)
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An important dietary mineral traded from the N. Maya Lowlands is __________. Two important non-comestible plants grown in this region are:
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What are the dates for the Post-Classic Period
900 – 1519 AD
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The Books of Chilam Bahlam written after the Spanish conquest, refer to the arrival of people who “speak our language brokenly” or the _____________. Name the three culture groups who are the most likely to have been these “strangers.”
- Itza
- Putuun/Chantal from Veracruz
- Cholan Maya from Southern Maya Lowlands
- Toltec from Tula
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El Castillo at Chichen Itzá functions as a cosmogram or model of the symbolic Maya world for the following reasons
- Radial Pyramid = quincunx
- 9 tiers = 9 lords of the Underworld
- 260 niches = sacred calendar
- 365 stairs = solar calendar
- Equinoxes (March/Sep 21st) = Feathered Serpent undulates down the side of the stairs
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Name the archaeologist from the University of Colorado who was in charge of the excavation of the Temple of the Warriors at Chichen Itzá:
Earl Morris
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The recovery of mirrors, likely worn as a backrack and composed of obsidian and ______________ , reveals long-distance trade between Chichen Itzá and people living in __________________.
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Artifacts made of what material were imported from Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama?
Gold
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Based on archaeological and epigraphic evidence, how does rulership at Chichen Itzá differ from that during the Classic Period?
- Classic Period = dynastic kingship
- Chichen Itzá = mutepal (communal/consensus leadership)
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The Ballcourt at Chichen Itzá is unusual for a number of reasons, including:
- it is the LARGEST ballcourt ever excavated
- it has circular hoops set high into the walls of the court
- the carved murals along the sides of the court suggest that teams, rather than individuals, played the game
- it has terrific acoustics that allow sounds to carry from one side of the court to the other
- it is NOT the only ballcourt at Chichen Itzá (~50)
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Archaeologist Dennis Puleston was struck by lightning at
El Castillo
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Name three Post-Classic artifacts recovered from the Great Cenote at Chichen Itzá:
- Wooden idols (made there)
- Cotton Fabric (made there)
- Golden goggles (from Central America)
- Plumbate pottery (from the highlands of Guatemala & Mexico)
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What Post-Classic artifacts recovered from the Great Cenote indicate long distance trade?
- Golden goggles (from Central America)
- Plumbate pottery (from the highlands of Guatemala & Mexico)
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What evidence suggests that the sacrificed individuals thrown into the Great Cenote were virgins?
They were under 8 years old
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What is Puuk-style architecture? Name two sites associated with this style architecture:
- stone mosaic that forms textile patterns
- Chichen Itza
- Uxmal
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What artifacts, iconographic images and architectural styles are shared by Chichen Itzá, Yucatan, and Tula, Hidalgo?
- Tzompantli (skull rack)
- Heart excision (then feed to chacmool)
- Warriors carrying atlatls
- Atlantean figures
- Round Temples
- Temple of the warriors (excavated by Earl Morris) with a colonnade
- Images of Quetzalcoatl (Feathered Serpent)
- Giant thrones
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According to Toltec myth, there once was a ruler who was forced to abandon Tula and traveled to Chichen Itzá whose name was ___________________. He promised to return to take control of his kingdom at Tula on the date ___________________.
- Quetzalcoatl (his kingdom was occupied by the Toltecs)
- 1 Reed
- NOTE: H. Cortez arrived in Veracruz on this date
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The Books of Chilam Balam record that after Chichen Itza was abandoned in AD 1228, the capital of the Yucatan Peninsula moved to ____________.
Mayapan
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What similar, although smaller, architecture was constructed at this new capital?
- Castillo
- Caracol (temple of Quetzalcoatl)
- Temple of Warriors with Collonade
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Where did the Itza go after they left this second site?
Toyasol (Southern Maya Lowlands)
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As noted in the textbook, the “League of Mayapan” involved a system of rotating rulership every _____ years between the cities of
- 20
- Cozumel
- Mayapan
- Tulum
- Santa Rita
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Who are the two people who provided aid to H. Cortez & what skills did they possess?
- G. de Aguilar – speaks Spanish and Yukatek Maya
- Malinche/Dona Marina – speaks Yukatek Maya and Aztec (Nahwatl)
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Why is Diego de Landa both loved and hated by modern ethnographers of the Maya?
- Positive: wrote the first ethnography
- Negative: burned books
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What effect did the Spanish have on the peoples of Mesoamerica before the arrival of Hernando Cortez in AD 1519?
- Disease (small pox, measles, chicken pox, mumps)
- AFTER: STDs and plague
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How did the hacienda system differ from the encomienda system?
- Encomienda: Came first; award of land and all appurtenances (including Maya and all other animals/plants). It is NOT slavery (can’t buy and sell appurtenances) but the people can't leave??
- Hacienda System: (1820) Everyone is “free” and must be paid for their labor. The owners begin printing their own scrip (only accepted at hacienda)
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Define what is meant by a revitalization movement?
- Revitalization movement is based on religious prophecy with the following goals:
- Remove oppressors
- Return to traditional values & belief
- Keep the stuff (horses, guns, tools)
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What was the proximate cause of the Revitalization Movement in Chan Santa Cruz, Quintana Roo? When did it occur?
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What was the proximate cause of the Revitalization Movement in Chamula, Chiapas? When did it occur?
- 1867-1871
- Three talking rocks fall from the sky
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What is the definition of emic?
view of the cultural participant
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What is the definition of etic?
view of the outsider
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What is meaning of the term Ladino?
Speaks Spanish, dresses in Western clothes, identifies dominant culture (not a traditional Maya)
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Characteristics of a Shaman:
- Individual/sole practitioner
- Talks to supernaturals (ancestors, animal companions)
- Apprenticeship (learns to be a shaman)
- Receives money for doing magic
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Characteristics of a Cofradia:
- Group – husband and wife team
- Focused on a Catholic Saint
- Hierarchy (learn from other members of Cofradia)
- Pay money for care of Cofradia, widows, orphans, feasts
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As shown in the film, what happens on November 1 in Todos Santos Cuchumatán?
- Communal feasting
- Corrida (drunken horse race)
- Go to the cemetery
- Dance of the Conquest
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From an emic perspective, why do young men participate in the corrida?
- fulfill religious promise
- enhance social prestige
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What social roles do rites of resistance like the Dance of the Conquest provide?
- Make fun of dominant culture
- show what is proper behavior
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Based on the book and film, give two reasons why people leave their villages to work on the coast or on the fincas?
- Money (participate in cash economy)
- feeling of importance
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What was the stated reason that the CIA, US military and American government began providing aid and training to Guatemala in 1954?
Communism
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Name the military dictator who seized control of Guatemala in 1982
E. Rios Montt
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Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 for her autobiography detailing the torture, illegal detention & state sponsored genocide of the Maya?
Rigoberta Menchu
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What were two of the causes for the Guatemalan Civil War from the perspective of the Ladinos?
- They saw the Maya as communists
- Defense against those who would overthrow the government
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What are three of the causes of the Civil War from the perspective of the Maya or poor of Guatemala?
- Greater/fair wages
- Legal rights
- Education
- Title to their land
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What was the government-stated goal of the Civil Defense Patrol?
defend against disruptive influences
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What was the stated reason the Zapatistas took control of San Cristobal, Chiapas, on January 1, 1994?
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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What economic benefit did the US derive from NAFTA?
No tariffs
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What did the US require regarding the ejido lands of Mexico?
Privatization
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From whom did the Zapatistas derive their name?
E. Zapata (1910)
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Who was the spokesman for the Zapatistas?
- Subcommandante Marcos
- "Sub" because the Maya were the real commanders
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What was the effect of the Guatemalan civil war on Mexico?
Immigration of the Maya
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In A Mayan Life, under the direction of Lwin, the people of Jolomk'u eventually band together as a community to determine what their problems were and to find ways of solving them. Name three of the problems that were identified by the community:
- poverty
- hunger
- Maya traditions were slowly being oppressed and deserted
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