c.16 - Schizophrenia & MAD.txt

The ________ hypothesis of depression states that it is caused by decreased activity of serotonin and norepinephrine.

No emotional response

Repeated depressive and manic episodes are related to increased size of lateral ____;this implies a loss of brain tissue.

There is a 60% _____________ rate for MZ twins for major depressive disorder

Schizophrenics may have deficits in the _____________, which is important for cognitive control and emotion.

__________ usually help the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but not the negative symptoms.

_____________ individuals have abnormalities in the PFC, basal ganglia, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum, temporal lobes and amygdala.

_____________ + psychotherapy is more effective at treating depression than either one approach alone

Rapidly alleviates depression because it induces the release of monoamines--however, it is used when pharmacological treatments do not work.

He was one of the first to attribute mental disorders to underlying biology; he described schizophrenia in modern terms (i.e. paranoia, delusions, inappropriate affect).

Children of older fathers have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia-- one theory attributes this to mutations of __________ that have resulted from DNA copying errors taking place during cell division.

Appear to be a major cause in depression that first occurs later in life.. these cerebal events would go unoticed

In this condition, people who have high levels of glucocorticoids-like cortisol- are prone to depression.

The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia involve the presence of maladaptive thoughts or behaviors

Zeitgebers might play a role in this condition where one would sleep more, crave carbohydrates, gain weight and feel depressed.

in schizophrenics, the most common hallucinations are:

indicators of both genetic issues and psychopathological symptoms

concordance of schizophrenia in ___________ twins is higher than the concordance in dichorionic twins

excessive elation or agitation

__________ for several hours per day has been shown to work as a treatment for season affect disorder

about 16.2 Americans had _________ at some time in their lives

terrible side effects of antipsychotics

a seasonality effect of schizophrenic births lead to the theory that mothers of schizophrenics, when pregnant, had a slow ________________

a common treatment for bipolar disorder--- but its effective dosage is near toxic

One theory of schizophrenia states that too much _______ occurs, resulting in too few neurons and brain matter.

created the term 'schizophrenia'

__________ are found in 50% of schizophrenic patients

Major depressive disorder has a strong link to _____________

The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia involve the diminution or absense of normal behavor

Strong localized magnetic field induces current in the PFC; this can decrease depressive symptoms. Still in its early stages

disposition available + stressor catalyst = schizophrenia:

simian crease, hair whirl, eye skinfolds, low seated ears are examples of ____

Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia:
PCP = glutamate antagonist; (PCP produces schizo Sx); SO increasing glutamate might cure schizophrenia Sx?

PET scans show 1) increased bloodflow to the amygdala (sadness and fear) and 2) decreased bloodflow to the ACC (cognitive control & attention). This is common for __________

"strokes"; do not respond to medication for depression because of these

Lowered levels of this Neurotransmitter were found in suicides. reinforces the monoamine hypothesis

Monoamine hypothesis says depression is caused by lowered _______________ in the brain

MAOIs treat ____

milder depression with no normal moods for more than 2 months

HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) axis = hormone response. This produces _________ linked with depression

______Syndrome = increased coritsol levels. classic physical signs such as the buffalo hump

depression altered with mania

Zeitgebers: winter day depression =