Review 1

• A type of managament that seems to focus on results
• -Most People dislike work and want to avoid it.

-People require close direction

-People want to avoid responsibility and have little ambition

• Seems to be a modern way of managment- people like to work.
• -Work is a natural activity
• -People can be self directed if they are committed to the objective
• -Most employees accept and seek responsibility
• -Employees have imagination, ingenuity, and creativity.

• Laboratory study-
• Manipulation and measurement of variables in contrived situation.

• Field study-
• Exaination of varialbes in real-life settings

• Sample survey-
• Questionnaire responses from a sample of people

• Case Studies
• In-depth analysis of single individual, group, or organization.

• Meta-analysis
• Pools the results of many studies through statistical procedure.

-Although the human brain is an amazing piece of equipment, it is finite in its processing capacity.

-Since the world is both infinetly large and infinitely complex, our brain is forced to take shortcuts and ignore some input in favor of other input.

-This leads to errors.

Definition: The transference and the understanding of meaning.

• Communication Functions-
• 1. Provide information needed to make decisions.
• 2. Control behavior.
• 3.Foster motivation for what is to be done.
• 4. Provide a release for emotional expression.

• The steps between a source and a receiver that result in the transference and understanding of meaning. Useful for diagnosing problems.

• Selective Perception (often resulting in decoding failures).
• People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, focus, or attitudes.

• Information Overload (a common form of noise).
• A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity.

• Mindlessness (often resulting in decoding errors).
• Automaticity of behaviours and a lack of active conscious involvement.

• Filtering
• A sender's manipulation of information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiver.

• Men Talk to
• 1.Emphasize status, power, and independence.
• 2.Complain that women have too high a need to communicate.
• 3.Offer solutions.
• 4.To boast about their accomplishments.

• 1-Establish connection and intimacy.
• 2-Criticize men for not listening.
• 3-Speak of problems to promote closeness.
• 4-Express regret and restore balance to a conversation.

• 1. Kinesics
• - Movement of the head, arms, hands, legs, feet, postural shifts, some gestures, eye movement, and facial expressions.

• Emblems- nonverbal acts that have direct verbal translation and can substitute for words, the meaning of which is well understood by a particular group, class or culture e.g., waving a hand in gretting (learned language skills, culture specific)
• Illustrators- Movements that are tied directly to speech and serve to visualize what is verbalised, e.g., pointing to where you want someone to look.
• Affect displays- facial expressions of emotions. The basic emotions of happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, sadness and interest are similar across a wide variety of cultures.

content free vocalizations and patterns associated with speeck- pitch, volume, frequency, stuttering, filled pauses e.g., 'ah', silent pauses, interruptions, speech rate, number of words spoken.

• 1.Physical contact- touching
• 2.Proxemics- interpersonal and psychological space management.
• 3. Objects or adornments- perfume, clothes, jewellery, wigs

a. I fell I am a person of worth, the equal of other people

b. I feel I do not have much to be proud of.

External Locus of Control- One's life outcomes attributes to environmental factors such as luck or fate.

Internal Locus of Control- belief that one controls events and consequences in one's life.

A person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a task.

A lack of efficacy can lead people to make "sucker's choices" in communication and can force people towar avoiding communication from a sense of hopelessness.`