Science Final

The basic units of matter, the smallest units that maintain the chemical properties of an element, are called:
atoms
lipids
compounds
molecules

Because of their large size, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are together called:
solutions
elements
hydrocarbons
macromolecules

Why is water often called "the universal solvent"?
it can dissolve many other molecules
water can turn into a solid
water is a type of solution
it solves most of hte world's environmental problems

Predator prey relationships are an example of a:
system w/ no feedback
positive feedback loop
negative feedback loop
destabilizing system

Which sphere of the earth is made of all the rock above and below Earth's surface?
lithosphere
geosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere

The lithosphere is carred on a softer, but still firm, layer of rock called the:
lithosphere
geosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere

Which sphere are humans a part of?
geosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere
atmosphere

A change in state in which water returns to Earth's surface and changes from a vapor to a liquid is called:
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
recharge

Matter that organisms require for their life processes are called:
legumes
decomposers
fertilizers
nutrients

Which products are created by the process of photosynthesis?
the sun's light and energy
oxygen and carbohydrates
phosphorous and nitrogen
carbon dioxide and water

A(n) compound is a chemical substance with a given set of properties that can't be broken down into substances w/ other properties.

Because water molecules are poler, they tend to repel one another.

Sometimes, an output of a system is also an input for the same system.

Tectonic plates move apart from one another at convergent plate boundaries.

Producers are organisms, mainly animals, that must eat other organisms to obtain nutrients.

What is the thinnest layer of the Earth's geosphere?

What is Earth's outermost sphere?

Giraffes, lions, zebras, hyenas, and all the other living things of the Serengeti make up a(n):
ecosystem
population
community
biosphere

Every spring, many species of bird travel north to the Arctic to breed, and in the fall travel south again for the winter. This is an example of:
immigration
emigration
migration
population

You're studying the vegetation communities of the Mongolian grasslands in an 1000-km2 area. What is your best strategy for estimating the number of individuals of different plant species growing throught the grasslands?
direct observation
sampling
indirect observation
simply counting

Which is hte highest population density of grasshoppers?
35/10 sq meters
40/20 sq meters
1/1 sq meters
50/30 sq meters

Youwill be conducting a study of the interations of vegetation, animals, mineral composition of the soil, and water levels in a saltmarsh. You are studying the:
population
biosphere
community
ecosystem

"All the living things and their physical environment w/in a given area" best defines
community
ecosystem
biosphere
population

A population of wolves is reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park. For the first decade, the wolf population grows exponentially. Then the population growth slows. The new pattern is:
logistic growth
limiting factors
carrying capacity
exponential growth

Where the wolves are reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park, the number of elk and other prey species w/in the park are:
density independent factor
example of biotic potential
density dependent
limiting factor

Wildlife managers reintroduce a species of antelope to a park in Africa from which it had been wiped out. The habitat is ideal, and in the first year, the population grows from 50 to 60. If the population experiences exponential growth, what will the approximate population be at the end of five years?
75
90
120
150

Pandas depend on bamboo. The amount of intact bamboo forest will help determine:
biotic potential
carrying capacity
sex ratio
limiting factor

The community is the simplest level of organization that the ecologist studies.

A herd of mule deer living on a certain mountain and separated from other herds of mule deer represents a species.

In a population in which most of the individuals are of pre-reproductive or reproductive age, the population is likely to increase quickly in the future.

At the end of an ice age, you would expect to see exponential growth of species as they colonize regions left uninhabited by glaciers.

A landslide causes part of a mountainside to fall away, leaving bare rock. In the years immediately following the landslide, the area will experience:
primary succession
secondary succession
tertiary succession
climax community

If there are present ina new environment, a species is unlikely to become invasive.:
predators, parasites, and competitors
cane toads, kudzu, and zebra mussles
exotic species
symbiotic and commensalist species

A reintroduced pop of wolves in a nat'l park is 90% grey & 10% black, consistent w/ the wolf pop in other regions. After several generations in isolation, the nat'l park's wolf pop is 60% grey & 40% black. The pop has likely experienced:
natural selection
genetic drift
mutations
migration

In Madagascar, several species of lemur eat bamboo, but each species specializes in 1 opart of the bamboo. This is an example of:
speciation
resource partitioning
competition
niche partitioning

One lemur eats only bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoots contain a high level of cyanide, a toxic chemical. This lemur species has developed a tolerance for a certain amoutn of cyanide. What doyou think will happen over time?
cyanide level in bamboo will increase
cyanide level in bamboo will decrease
cyanide level in bamboo will be same
cyanide level in lemur will decrease

When energy is transferred b/t trophic levels, the amount of availabe energy lost is about:
90%
50%
25%
10%

Humans are generally:
carnivores
herbivores
omnivores
detrivores

Any being that uses the sun's energy to create sugars is a:
primary producer
secondary producer
primary consumer
secondary consumer

An invasive species is a species that has been introduced to a new area & lacks limiting factors.

An organism that depends on another w/o killing it is a predator.

A nation where most of the people eat a primarily vegetarian diet will be able to support a lower pop than it would if the people ate a lot of meat.

In a woodland, a rabbit eats grass, and a coyote eats the rabbit. The coyote is a secondary consumer.

A food web cascade occurs when one species has an indirect effect on species at a different level of the nergy pyramid.

Animals gathering around a water hole in a drought prone area & establishing hierarchies of access to the water is an example of competition.

you have many species of bacteria living in your gut that help you w/ digestion. This relationship is best defined as commensalism.

Day-to-day conditions in Earth's atmosphere, such as sunny and humid, describe:
climate
climatograph
weather
biome

Which biome would have the highest net primary production?
savanna
boreal forest
coral reefs
desert

In aquatic ecosystems, net primary productivity is related to:
whether the water is fresh o salt
speed @ which water moves
available sunlight & nutrients
waves & tides

What percentage of Earth's surface is covered in water?
75%
90%
25%
50%

Which of the following describes the aphotic zone in an aquatic ecosystem?
very bottom
no sunlight penetrates & no photosynthesis
shallow, near-shore zone
uppermost layer where there's photosynthesis

Which zone of an aquatic ecosystem tends to have more life?
aphotic
photic
benthic
All have same

Which ecosystems are considered standing freshwater ecosystems?
lakes
wetlands
ponds
all of the above

what ocean zone begins at hte edg eof the continental shelf and then extends outward into deeper water?
intertidal
open ocean
littoral
neritic

On a biome map, patches representing the same biome tend to occur @ similar longitudes.

Cold & dry biomes have the highest net primary production.

Primary consumers convert solar o chemical energy into energy stored in the bonds of organic sugars.

Water moves toward areas of lower salinity.

Ecologists tend to divide the photic zone of lakes and ponds based on distance from the bottom.

What event in the mid-1700s significantly changed human pop growth?
Industrial Rev
development of ag
bubonic plague
human settlement began

What combo of factors will produce the highest rate of pop growth?
high life expectancy and high infant deaths
low life expectancy and low infant deaths
low life expectancy and high infant deaths
high life expectancy and low infant deaths

What is a pop's total fertility rate?
number of births needed to keep pop stable
av number of kids a male member of pop has/yr
av number of kids a female member of pop has during lifetime
total number of babies born in a pop each gen

Which factor helps increase total fertility rates?
needing extra help on farms
gov't programs supporting older adults
more kids surviving childhood
one-child policies

The av number of yrs an individual is predicted to live:
carrying capacity
life expectancy
growth rate
demography

Number of organisms that an environment can support:
life expectancy
demography
carrying capacity
growth rate

Which area would have the lowest pop density?
seacost in Europe
river in China
tundra in Russia
suburb in the US

The amount of people living ina given area is described as pop:
morality
expectancy
rate
density

What is the proper sequence of steps in the demographic transition?

What happens during the transitional stage of the demographic transition?
births begin to fall
deaths begin to fall
births increase
deaths increase

What can be inferred about an area that has an age structure diagram w/ a pyramid shape?
pop is likely to decrease
high proportion of older to younger
high pop growth rate
low pop growth rate

What could be inferred about an area that has an age structure diagram w/ a "barrel" shape?
low pop growth
pop is likely to increase
high proportion of young ot older
high pop growth

Number of males compared to females in a pop:
age structure
sex ratio
total fertility rate
demography

The richest 1/5 of the world uses what percent of the resources?
5
20
43
86

Which stage of the demographic transition has the highest level of pop growth?
industrial
transitional
pre-industrial
post-industrial

A pop w/ many young people compared to older people will likely experience slow pop growth as the young peopl mature & have children.

The pop growth of developing nations as a whole surpasses pop growth in developed nations.

A pop w/ fewer younger people than older people will likely decrease in the future.

More people live in developing nations than live in developed nations.

Individuals from affluent socieites tend to have smaller ecological footprints than people from poor societies.