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Brain death
All electrical activity of brain has ceased for a specified period of time/ neurological definition of death
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higher cortical functoning
were intelligence and personality are located in the brain
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lower cortial functioning
lower part of the brain that controls the heartbeat and respiration
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Euthanasia
painless ending lives of individuals who ar suffering fornm an incuralbe disease or sever disability "mercy killing”
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Passive euthanasia
withholding treatments or life sustaining equipment (turn off heart lung machine)
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Active euthanasia
deliberately induced(giving a leathal dose)
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where is active euthanasia is legal
- oregen, washington, and montana
- neatherlands and uruguay
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Plan for a “good” death
- •Make a living will
- • Give someone power of attorney
- • Give your doctor specific instructions
- • Discuss desires with family and doctor
- • Check insurance plan coverage
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Hospice
humanized program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible
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Palliative care
reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
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sudden infant death syndrome (sids)
- infants stop breathing, usually druing the night, and die without apparent cause.
- leading cause of infant death in the united states with the rist highest at 2 to 4 months of age
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Childhood death
accidents or illness
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Adolescence death
•motor vehicle accidents, suicide, and homicide
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Older adults
chronic diseases
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Kubler-Ross’ stages of dying
- –Denial and isolation: denial of coming death
- –Anger: denial turns to anger, resentment, rage
- –Bargaining: hopes death can be postponed
- –Depression: accepts certainty of one’s death
- –Acceptance: develops sense of peace and may desire to be left alone
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Perceived control is adaptive strategy
- •When individuals believe they can influence and control events, they may become more alert and cheerful
- •Denial can be adaptive or maladaptive
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The Contexts in Which People Die
Most would rather die at home but worry over being a burden, limited space, altering relationships, competency and availability of emergency medical treatment
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Communicating with a dying person
- –Establish your presence, eliminate distraction
- –Limit visit time, don’t insist on acceptance
- –Allow expressions of guilt or anger
- –Discuss alternatives, unfinished business
- –Ask if there is anyone s/he would like to see
- –Encourage reminiscing, express your regard
- –Talk with the individual when s/he wishes to talk
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Grief
- emotional numbness; a complex emotional state of…
- • Disbelief, despair, separation anxiety
- •Sadness, loneliness
- •More a roller-coaster of ups and downs than progressive stages
- •Becomes more manageable over time
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Prolonged grief
involves enduring despair and is still unresolved over an extended period of time
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Disenfranchised grief
grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that cant be openly mourned or supported(person you are cheating with)
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Dual-process model
- •Loss-oriented stressors
- •Restoration-oriented stressors
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•Loss-oriented stressors
focus on the deceased individual and can include grief work and both positive and negative reappraisal of the loss
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Restoration-oriented stressors
secondary stressors that emerge as indirect outcomes of bereavement. include changing identy such as wife to widow
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Coping and type of death
- •Sudden or violent deaths have more intense and prolonged effects
- •Many such deaths accompanied by post traumatic stress disorder PTSD
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