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What part of the long bone allows bone growth?
epiphysis
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The neck of a long bone is known as the:
metaphysis
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The shaft of a long bone is known as the:
diaphysis
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The cartilage on either end of a long bone is specifically known as:
articular (hyaline) cartilage
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Outer fibrous tissue layer of bone is known as:
periosteum
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The inner fibrous tissue layer of bone is known as:
endosteum
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Where in a long bone is the marrow located?
the medullary cavity
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Compact bone is comprised of repeating circular units called:
osteons
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At the center of the repeating compact bone units is a:
haversion canal
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The layers of bone matrix in compact bone are called:
lamellae
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List the three types of lamellae.
- concentric - around haversion canals
- interstitial - between osteons
- circumferential - outer rings of bone
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The holes in compact bone where the osteocyte lives is called a:
lacunae
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What connects two vertical haversion canals together?
Volkmann's canals
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What type of protein fibers will be found in bone tissue, and what would happen to bone without them?
collagen fibers, it would be brittle and shatter
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What are the two primary mineral components in bone, and what do they combine to form?
- calcium phosphate
- calcium hydroxide
- hydroxyapatite
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What would happen to bone if you removed the mineral component?
to would be too flexible to be structurally supportive
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What do osteoclasts release?
lysosomal enzymes and acids
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Which bone cells can divide?
osteoprogenitor cells
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What is the difference between calcification and ossification?
- calcification - deposition of calcium salts
- ossification - turning or converting an existing tissue into bone
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Define resporption and deposition.
- resorption - breaks down Ca2+ and sends it to the blood
- deposition - deposits Ca2+ from the blood into the bone (performed by osteoclasts)
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What hormone will your body synthesize if you have high blood calcium?
calcitonin
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Parathyroid hormone will be secreted when blood calcium levels are _______ and will have a stimulatory effect on _______ activity.
low, osteoclast
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How is information transmitted across and electrical synapse?
by means of gap junctions (faster, more syncronized)
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The difference in charges across the cell membrane, due to ion movement across the membrane called _______, is refered to as _______.
current, polarization
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What is the charge along the inside of the cell membrane? How about the outside?
- inside - negative
- outside - positive
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List the chemical, electrochemical, and electrical gradients for sodium.
- chemical - towards the inside
- electrochemical - large force towards the inside
- electrical - towards the inside
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List the chemical, electrochemical, and electrical gradients for potassium.
- chemical - towards the outside
- electrochemical - towards the outside
- electrical - towards the inside
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List the equilibrium potentials for sodium and potassium.
- sodium = +66mV
- potassium = -90mV
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What type of ion movement will cause depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization respectively.
- depolarization - influx of sodium ions (-70mV to +20mV)
- repolarization - outflux of potassium (+20mV to -70mV)
- hyperpolarization - excess K+ outflux (-70mV to -90mV)
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List the five events of the action potential graph.
- ligand gated Na+ channels open (brings to threshold)
- voltage gated Na+ channels open (depolarization)
- at +20mV, voltage gated Na+ close
- Voltage gated K+ channels open (repolarization)
- Volatge gated K+ close
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