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Personality
a relitively stable pattern of thinking feeling and behaving that is distinct for each individual
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The Five-Factor Model of Personality
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Neuroticism
- Openness to Experience
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The “Big Five”
- critical personality dimensions
- Norman, 1963
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Extroversion
how outgoing and energetic a person is—sociability, liveliness, outgoing, assertive, active
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Agreeableness
how kind or sympathetic someone is—pleasant disposition, charitable, empathetic, friendly, kind, helpful, easy-going, generous
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Conscientiousness
how responsible and organized someone is—reliability, hard work, punctuality, concern about doing things correctly, organized, deliberate, conforming, self-disciplined
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Nueroticism
how anxious or tense someone is—nervousness, emotional instability, moodiness, irritability, tendency to worry, anxious, moody, critical, self-punishing
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Openess to experience
how curious and imaginative someone is—imagination, intelligence, curiosity, aesthetic sensitivity, artistic, open to new experiences
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Methods to assess personality
- Self report measures
- Projective Test
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self report measures
- individuals answer questions about themselves
- Yes/No True/False or Always/Never Not a problem/Always a problem
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MMPI-@
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
- most common self report measure
- 550-567 T/F
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Projective Test
Test that use unstructured or ambiguous stimuli to alllow a person's personality to emerge.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Most popular of the projective test
- 10 symmetrical blots
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Sigmund FREUD (1856-1839)
Psychodynamic Approach
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Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Freud
- behavior is a result of dynamic underlying psychic processes
- both conscious and unconscious
- BIG CONTRIBUTION= UNCONSCIOUS
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Unconscious
Freud
- a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
- "we are largely unaware of what is going on in the deep dark unconscious"
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Drives
Freud
- biological drives play a key role (especially drives for sex)
- drives often confllict with one another
- desire to have sex with mother but doesnt want to be rejected by father
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Free Association
- ask that a person completely relaxes and says whatever comes to mind:
- Uncensored, unablashed, regardless of how trivial or controversial or silly
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Mind as divided into 3 main structures
Frued
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Id
- unconscious, irrational source of primitive impulses
- very unrealistic, immature thinking
- anything goes
- dreams-thinking in dreams disguises or unacceptable Id impulses
- Jailicia
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Pleasure Principle
part of Id
urge for immediate gratification, regardless if consequences or external realities
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Ego
largely conscious, realistic aspect of personality
- operates on the Reality Principle
- acts to control Id's impulses
- mediator between the Id and the real and the real world
- finds acceptable ways to gratify Id's impulses.
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Reality Principle
sees world as it is not as we wish it was
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Superego
- unconscious, irrational, based on rules and prohibition we have internalized from interactions with parents and other authority figures
- conscience
- operates by the Idealistic Principle
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Idealistic Principle
what we SHOULD do according to internalized authority figures/society
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Why we act the way we do?
How we act is a reflection of how well the person copes with and resolves conflicts among the Id Ego and Superego.
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Defense Mechanisms
- the Ego's way of protecting itself from unacceptable thoughts and impulses
- and the anxiety that stems from conflicting urges and prohibitions of the Id and Superego
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denial
def. mech
mind defends itself from thinking about unpleasant unwanted or threatening situations
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repression
defense mech.
- internal counterpart to denial
- we unknowingly exclude from consciousness any unacceptable and potentially dangerous impulses
- ex: molestation as a child repressed-expressed as fear of men
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Projection
defense mech.
leads us to attribute our own unacceptable and possibly dangerous thoughts/impulses to another person
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Displacement
defense mech.
redirect an impulse away from the person who prompts it toward another person who is a safe substitute
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Sublimation
defense mech.
redirect socially unacceptable impulses, transforming energy from them into acceptable and even admirable behavior
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Reaction Formation
defense mech.
- transform unacceptable thought or impulse into its opposite
- ex: inwardly jealous of coworkers new car, but your conscious report is that the car is superficial, ugly, pure waste of money
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Rationalization
- avoid threatening thoughts by replacing them with non threatening ones
- JOY
- ex: providing justification. the wife of the compulsive gambler brags to friends how hard her husband works to support the family
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Regression
- revert to thinking and behavior in ways that are characteristic of an earlier stage of socioemotional development to ward off anxiety or pain that we are experiencing in present stage
- Zoe
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Freud's Psychosexual Stage Theory of Development
- gender and sexuality based development starts at birth and continues through adulthood. A set of personality characteristics is associated with each stage
- if child is unable to resolve issues of current stage they become fixated, unable to progress and show characteristics of the stage in adulthood
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Oral Stage
- nourishment and pleasure from oral activity;
- focus on mouth
- 0-2 yrs
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Anal Stage
- derive pleasure from urination and pooping
- 2-4 yrs
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Phallic Stage
- Figure out stimulation of genitals feels good
- overly preoccupied with self
- vain and arrogant
- unrealistic self-confidence and self-absorption
- 4-6yrs - middle childhood
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Latency Stage
- sexual sublimation and repression of complexes
- 6-11yrs/middle childhood
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Genital Stage
- traditional sex roles and heterosexual orientation
- 11-ish
- adolescence through adulthood
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Oedipal Complex
boys desire their mother and worry about wrath of their fathers
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Electra Complex
girls may desire their father and worry about wrath of their mothers
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Individual Psychology of Adler
Neo-Freudians
- actions shaped by expectation for future
- strive for superiority unless have inferiority complex
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Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung
Neo-Freudians
- rejected Freud's theory that basis of personality is fueled by sexual drives and aggression
- Theorized about the personal and collective unconscious
- memories of distant ancestors
- Archetypes
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Humanism
Humanistic Approach
- emphasizes person's potential for growth and change and inherent goodness
- Believes that each person shapes own destiny, with a heavy focus on the conscious level
- ex: my biological dad
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Carl Rogers
- person centered approach
- Emphasizes the self and person's perception of the self
- self concept
- person has power within self to change themselves and be what they can be
- Unconditional Positive regard
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self concept
carl rogers
- an ideal self
- the closer the match between two better adjusted the person is
- what you think about yourself
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Unconditional Positive regard
- the idea that a child's development was greatly assited by the belief that they were loved "no matter what"
- not advocating permissive parenting or spoiling the child, but rather allowing the child to develop "fully" while learning rules of acceptable behavior
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Holistic Dynamic Theory
Abraham Maslow
Self- actualization as highest need in hierarchy
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Cognitive Behavioral Approach
studies how people think and behave and how the two interact
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Skinner's Theory
personalities differ because different environmental contingencies and schedule of reinforcement.
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Albert Bandura
- reciprocal determinism
- interaction among personal factors environmental events behavioral factors
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Personal Control
- our sense of control over our live impacts the decision we make and the feelings we have
- tied in closely with motivation
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Self-Serving Bias
Humans tend to perceive of themselves favorably especially in Western society
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External Locus of Control
the perception that chance/luck or some outside force determines your fate
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Internal Locus of Control
- the perception that to a great extent you control your own destiny
- ex: my biological dad
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