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epineurium
- a continuation of the dura mater
- outermost layer of ct that bound all nerve fasicles
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area of skin that provides sensory input to the dorsal rootsof one pair of spinal nerves or to one spinal cord segment is called a
dermatone
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motor neuron cell bodies are in the ___ of the ___
Sensory neruon cell bodies are found in ____ located ____
- grey matter, brainstem
- ganglia outside the brain
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conscious, subconscious, or unconscious awareness of external and internal stimuli
sensation
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CNS translation
- spinal reflexes
- visceral relfexes
- crude perception(thalamus)
- precise identification (cortex)
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graded depolarization that results in a change in resting membrane potential in a receptor
-produces depolarization
-will initiate ap in a sensiry neuron if stim is threshold
-all recetors except for general senses
generator potential
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receptor potential
- depolarization or hyperpolarizaion of the plasma membrane of receptor cell that alters release of NT from cell
- -may produce Deploar/hyperpolarization
- -never directly stimulates AP in a sensory neuron
- -directly regulates release of NT onto sensory neuron that may initiate thresh depol
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an awareness of muscle, joints, tendons, balance activity is provided by
receptors adapt slowly allowing cns to constantlybe aware fo body postition and make fine adjustments
proprioceptive (kinesthetic) sense
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fasiculus gracilius and cuneatus
- related to discrim touch, sterogenesis, weight descrimination, vibration, proprioception
- -part of posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
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lateral spinothalamic tract and anterior/ventral spinthalamic tract
- pain and temp
- crude touch, itch, tickle, pressure
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the second order neruon in a dorsal column pathway dessucates in the ____
the sec order neuron in a anterolateral spinothalamic pathway dessecates in _____
- the medulla
- the gray commissure of spinal cord
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upper motor neurons are found
the axons of UMN decend through CNS to synapse with LMN in ____
- motor cortex
- brainstem grey matter or ventral hors of spinal cord
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the three primary pyramidal tracts
- lateral corticospinal
- anterior corticospinal
- corticobulbar
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axons of the lateral and corticobulbar tracts dessucate in the____
anter tracts desucate at ______neruons in the spinal cord
- medulla
- lower motor neurons
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LMN in later and anterior corticospinal tracts pass into the periphery via___while those associated with corticobulbar tracts pass via ___
- spinal nerves
- cranial nerves
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parasympathetic innervation of th eyes causes
sphincter pupillae to contract, constricting pupil, decre amount of light into eye
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sympathetic inneration of eyeball
dialator pupillae contracts, dialating pupil, increasing light into eye
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pigmented layer of nervous tunic has_____ that produce ____ that absorb stray light rays and prevent reflection and scattering of light in eye
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3 zones of neuronsin nervous layer of nervous tunic(retina)
- 1.photoreceptors
- 2. bipolar neurons
- 3.ganglion cell neurons
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how do photoreceptors respond to light energy?
decrease their secretion of inhibitory transmitter glutamate and initiate the visual pathway
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what do bipolar cells do in the visual pathway?
once glutamate is removed, initiate ap to start the visual pathway
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ganglion cells in visual pathway?
innermost portion, recieve ap from bipolar neurons
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where the axons of ganglion cells converge and exit the eyeball as optic nerve
optic dics
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function of the lens?
by changing bioconvexity focuses light on central fovea of retina when distance changes
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anterior chamber
posterior chamber
- lies behind the cornea and in front of the iris
- behind the iris, infront of suspensory ligs and lens
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posterior cavity
- lies between lens and retina
- vitrous cavity
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when focusing on a near object the lens becomes more biconvex. the increas in curvature is
pupil also constricts so that less light enters the eye
accomadation reflex
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from the thalamic nuclei come axons collected together which pass to theprimary areas in the occipitpal lobes of the cerebral cortex
optic RADIATIONS
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if you were to chiasma you would lose
- medial vison bcuz it crosses over
- lateral retinal pathway is on the same side
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protective muscles of ear produce the tympanic relflex
- stapedius and tensor tympani
- for sudden loud noise and constant long noise- helps dampen sound
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makes the bony labyrinth of internal ear
vestibule cochlea, 3semicircular canals, perimlymph
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membranous labyrinth of internal ear
- semi circular ducts
- utricle and saccule of vestibule
- cochlear duct of chochlea
- endolymph
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organ of hearing
spiral organ of corti
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receptors for hearing
hair cells connected to basilar membrane
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tectorial membrane
- where stereocilia are embedded
- bending of stereocilia creates actional pot in aud pathway
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saccule and utricle in vestible
where we maintain static equilibrium
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ottoliths of macula
- calcium carbonate stones embedded in gelatinous ottolithic membrane in endolymph
- static EQ
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semicircular ducts
cupula in the ampulla responsible for
- dynamic EQ
- accceleration moves hair cells in ampullae
- overlying the hair cells are massesof gelatinous material each called a cupula
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how the middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx functioning to eq the air pressures between the atmosphere and the middle ear cavity, ensuring free mvmt of the tympanic membrane as it vibrates
auditory tube
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dual innervations
if one division starts or increases the activity of an organ the other division will stop or decrease activity
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receptor types for ANS
chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, mechanorececptors
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types of visceral motor neurons by divisions of ANS
preganglionic and post ganglionic
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where is the cell body of a preganglionic neuron located?
gray matter of spinal cord or brain
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how does axon of preganglionic neuron pass from the CNS?
axons passes from the CNS in a spinal or cranial nerve
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where does preganglionic axon terminate
in a ganglion
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What is a ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies located in specfic site outside CNS
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where is cell body of postganglionic neuron?
in a specific ganglion dependent on the division of ans to which neruon it belongs and whic organ it will innervate
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where does axon of postganglionic neriond terminate?
passes from ganglion to effector
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what efect does the postganglionic neuron have on the effector?
(cardiac msucle, smooth, gland is either stimululated or inhibited depending on division of ANS
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sympathetic preganglionic neurons orginate from the____ of spinal cord segs___. Their axons travel in the spinal nerves of these segments, therefor sympathetic division is called___
and the preganglionic axons are the___
- later gray horns
- T1-L2
- Thoracolumbar division
- thoracolumbar outflow
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origin of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
this divison is called the___
and the preganglionic axons are the ____
- rise from the nuclei of cranial nerves II VII X and lateral gray horns of spinal cord seg s2-4
- craniosacral division
- craniosacral outflow
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ganglia lie as three clusters associated with three unpaired arteries arising from the abdominal aorta(celiac, superior mesentaric, mesentaric)
these are used by the___ division
- Prevertebral ganglia
- sympathetic
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intermural ganglia located very lose to or within the walls of the organ to be innervated
used by the ___ system
- terminal ganglia
- parasympathetic
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sympathetic preganglionic neurons are faily short because and parasmpathetic preganglionic fibers are long because
- the spinal cord is close to sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia,
- distance between brain or spinal cord and innervated organs is large
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postganglionic sympathetic neurons are
and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are
- long,
- short
- but all postgangs of either system have their axons pass from the respective ganglia to the efector for innervation
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what is the ultimate controller if autonomic tone?
the hypothalamus regulates the balance of symp vs. parasym activity or tone
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neruotransmitter of adrenergic
which neurons use this NT?
what enzymes destroy the NT
- norepinephrine
- mostpostganglionic sympathetic neurons
- catecholO, methyltransferase, monamine oxidase
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NT of the Cholinergic system
What neurons use it?
what ezymes destroy it?
- acetylcholine
- all preganglionic neurons
- all postganglionic parasympathetic , few postganglionic sympathetic
- actylcholinesterase
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SLUD
- controlled by the parasympathetic system
- saliva, lacrimal, urination, defecation
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activation in the medulla causing secretion of norepi and epinephrine as hormones to greatly heighten the response
is sympathetic activation
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