Astronomy 204 Final

Hero of Alexandria developed devices with steam propulsion, stated by his book Pneumatica

3rd Century BC, China, bamboo tubes filled with slatpeter, sulphur, and charcoal for cermovial fires in religious festivals

1232; Fire arrows, battle of Kai-fung fu; Chinese developed military rockets

Sir William Congreve, 1804, Congreve Rocket, used in the Revolutionary war

FAther of theoretical aeronautics; high school teacher; first to calculate escape velocity that would require a multi state liquid fuel rocket; designed wind tunnels, space stations, space suits, air locks, colonies in space

scientist and physics professor; 1926 launched first liquid fuel rocket; continued development into 30's; Goddard space center

"The Rocket into Interplanetary Space" 1929; teacher of von Braun

greatest rocket engineer of 20th cen; Headed german rocket program in WW2 at Peenekmunde; Moved to US in operation paperclip; mastermind of US space program through lunar landings

first human in space in 1961 on Vostok 1

1959-1963; Sheppard, Grissom into space; 62 John glenn orbited Earth three times

• 62-66; 10 manned flights 65-66; extravehicular ectivity;14 day flight, relative work; fuel cells, navigation and flight controls; 66 G 8Armstrong and Scott emergency landing
• 66- G12 Buzz Aldrin 5hr eva

1966-75; 1968/ Apollo 8, launched early to beat soviets; 1969/ Apollo 11; 1970/ Apollo 13

Vietnam War

Skylab in 1973

advancement of science, advancement of technological development; advancement of industry, advancement of business opportunity, high ground, national pride, planetary insurance, new world, moral equivalet of war, overpopulation

Schiaparelli in 1877

Percival Lowell

1975; sent to observe Mars' surface and search for life; one did not make it to surface

launched between 1963 to 73; total of 10, three were lost; sent to investigate Mars, Venus, and Mercury;

launched in 96, landed in 1997; consisted of a lander renamed after Carl Sagan and a rover named Sojourner; measured atmostpheric data

Opportunity and Spirit; Opportunity lives; Phoenix Lander in poles and found frozen h20; curiosity

a satellite in orbit at Earth's equator; appears to be motionless and will stay in the same place in Earth's vision; used for weather and communication satelites; could be used

Three types of civilizations

• A Type I Civilization is one that has
• mastered all forms of terrestrial energy.
• In terms of territory, it takes responsibility for stewardship of all
• the Earth. In terms of exploration, it
• sends out probes beyond Earth to near space.

• A Type II Civilization accepts responsibility
• for stewardship of the Solar System. The
• human community has spread into space, mining the asteroids, living on space
• stations and several planetary surfaces.
• In terms of exploration, Type II civilizations are sending manned and
• unmanned probes beyond the solar system to nearby star systems.

• Type III Civilizations are interstellar in
• character, moving easily between star systems.
• Entire star systems are colonized in one movement. They are evolving into a Galactic Civilization. In terms of exploration, manned and unmanned
• probes are sent outside the Milky Way Galaxy.

3 broad areas of technological advance that will determine the character of 21st century

•Computers Hardware and Software.

•Miniaturization. Nanotechnology.

•Robotics, Artificial Intelligence,

• •Cyberspace, Virtual Reality, Artificial
• Life.

• •Reproductive technologies, organ transplants,
• human organs grown in animals, artificial organs. Genetic markers for defects and
• diseases.

• •New forms of plant and animal life designed
• for the needs of humans.

• •Re-engineered humans developed to suit
• particular environments. Bio-designed
• specialization of humans for specific needs.

• •Fully exploited opportunities of Low Earth
• Orbit for Earth (environmental) needs.

•Lunar Development, scientific primarily.

• •Mars Colonization, major (500 year)
• project.

•Mining the Asteroids

• •Exploration and development of the outer
• solar system.

• how many civilizations exist in the galaxy with whom we could communicate with? Numer of civilizations =
• Nhp*flife*f civ* f now

Pessimistic 10s; optimistic 1000s

• options:
• 1. we are unique, the first part of universe to attain self aweareness
• 2. we will never explore the stars because it is impossible or we will destroy ourselves
• 3. we are the galaxy's rookies

a statement must be testable and rendered false

Super Nova Petrograph (positive), Fajada Butte

No because his universe was everything.

Aristarchus in ancient Greece and was discarded because of the lack of parallax to prove his theory

founder of greek science; proposed model of universe withouth mythology; basic nature of all things is water

student of thales; earth floats in empty space surrounded by celstial sphere

first to teach that earh is a sphere

astronomical motions must therefore be perfect; circular spheres

first system of planetary motions explained by embedding the planets in rotating spheres

his theory dominated western europe because of Alexander the great

first to state a helio centric; when the half moon was present it formed a right triangle and the ratios could be used in trigonometry

measured circumfrance of earth by finding constellations at different parts of the sky in different citites

similar to current current but with fixed stars, no prime mover

senstive data and had lots of money and geocentric model; KEPLAR

laws: planets rotate in ellipse

moon has craters and landscape, venus had phases, jupiter has four moons, milky way has thousands of stars, satrun has handles, sun has dark spots

nebulae, double stars, found urunus while looking for nebulae, star counts, movement of stars around solar system; shape of milky way

1920- dimensions of the milkey way, nature of spiral nebulae, expansion of universe (stativ vs expanding, accelerating?) shapley won

hubble used cepheid variables as standard candles

astrometry

radar

parallax or transit