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Define massage
is the manual or mechanial manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for theraputic purpose by movements such as rubbing, kneading, skin rolling, cupping, hacking, etc to relieve muscle tension and stress, relaxation, and maintaing a balance mental and physical health for the body
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How long has massage been a major part of medicine
5000 years
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how long has massage been important in Western medicine
3000 years
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Rubbing upward towards the heart
Antraprisis
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he is known as the father of physical therapy
Per Henry Link
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movement in cooperation with therapist
duplicated movement
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activities legally acceptable according to license
scope of practice
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movement performed by the therapist
passive movement
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broadens fibrous tissue breaking down adhesions
deep transverse friction
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accredited for modern massage terminology
Dr. Johan Mezger
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popularized deep transvered friction massage
Dr. James Cyriax
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which massage system is most widely used in general massage
swedish
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In America, the use of the word massage was popularized in 1874 by:
- Douglas Graham
- Benjamin Lee
- Charles Mills
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who is credited for developing the Swedish movement Cure?
Per Henrick Ling
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The brothers who introduced the Swedish Movement Cure to the U.S. are
- Charles Taylor
- George Taylor
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The oldest national professional massage association in the U.S.is the ___________ and was established in Chicago by graduates of the College of Swedish Massage.
American Massage Therapist Association (AMTA)
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In the therapeutic relationship, being sensitive to, respecting and maintaing both personal and professional _______ are critical to avoiding potential ethical; dilemmas.
boundaries
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define active
active is when the patient does the moving
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define passive
is when the therapist does the moving and the patient is in motion.
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define contraindication
any physical, mental, or emotional condition a client may have that may cause a particular massage or treatment to be detrimental or unsafe.
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List 6 conditions generally relieved by massage:
- stress and tension
- mental and physical fatigue
- pain in back, shoulders, neck
- muscle soreness
- improves circulation
- headache and eyestrain
- relieves insomnia
- helps muscle spasms
- faster healing
- increase metabolism
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List 10 endangerment sites:
- inferior to ear: notch posterior to ramus of the mandible
- anterior triangle of the neck: mandible, scm and trachea
- posterior triangle of neck: scm, trapezius, and clavicle
- axilla: armpit
- medial brachium: upper inner arm between biceps and triceps
- cubital area of the elbow: anterior bend of the elbow
- ulnar notch of the elbow: the funny bone
- femoral triangle: sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament
- popliteal fossa: posterior of knee bordered by gastrocnemius (inferior) and the hamstrings (superior)
- abdomen: upper area of abdomen under the ribs
- upper lumbar area: inferior to ribs, later to spine
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Circular movements, pressing superficial tissue into deeper layers is
Friction
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Performing effleurage from the foot up to the thigh is an example of
antraprisis or centripetal movement
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Without your help, our client lifts his/her arm off the table. This is
Active movement
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You perform range of motion on client's hip without their assistance. this is
passive movement
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Techniques that broaden fibrous tissue, breaking down adhesions
deep transverse or cross-fiber friction
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Small digital strokes across the fibers of a muscle
Friction
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The study of vital processes, mechanisms, and functions of an organ or system
Physiology
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Fight or Flight hormones secreted in response to stress are
cortisol and adrenaline
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Kneading movements on the gastrocnemius is
petrissage
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the study of the gross structure of the body and the interrelation of its parts is
anatomy
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the scientific study of muscular activity is
Kinesiology
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study of structural and functional changes caused by disease
pathology
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this hormone acts as an anti-inflammatory
cortisol
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compression on an area that reduces blood supply would be called
ischemic compression
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long, deep or superficial gliding strokes along the back
effleurage
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the net effect of deep strokes and kneading techniques is
increased blood flow or hyperemia
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massage techniques that are stimulating to the sensory nerves are
- rubbing, rolling, wringing movements (friction)
- strong percussion for a short period of time
- shaking and trembling movements (vibration)
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firm, kneading strokes on the top of the trapezius
petrissage
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cupping movements don on the back for lung congestion
percussion/tapotement
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in Swedish massage, strokes should be direrted upward along the limbs, and downward from the head, facilitating the flow of
venous blood and lymph
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actively moving muscles heps prevent loss of
tone and strength to contractile tissue
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light massage can, over time, restore energy to a client suffering from
fatigue
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the brothers who introduced the Swedish Movement Cure to the United States are:
- George Taylor and
- Charles Taylor
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who is credited for developing the Swedish Movement Cure?
per Henrik Ling
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Arthritis is an
inflammation of the joint
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inflammation of a vein accompanied by pain and swelling is called
Phlebitis
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in joint movements, a bone against bone feeling is
hard end feel
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an abrupt restriction to a joint movement due to pain
empty end feel
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who popularized the technique of "deep transverse friction" massage?
James Cyriax
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Who established modern massage terminology?
Johann Mezger
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The most immediate therapeutic benefit of friction is
local hyperemia
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the main purpose of deep transverse friction is to
separate muscle fibers
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what is the best massage technique to lift muscles off the bone?
petrissage (grasping and kneading techniques)
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Body areas where caution should be used to avoid damaging underlying anatomical structures are called
Endangerment sites
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stacking joints means
keeping them aligned
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Jin Shin Do, Polarity Thearapy, Reiki, and Touch for Health are all examples of
Energy Techniques
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Alexander Technique, Aston Patterning, and Feldenkrais are all examples of
Movement Techniques
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Cranial-sacral Therapy, Rolfing, Esalen Massage, and Watsu are all examples
Manipulative Techniques
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Applied Kinesiology and Aromatherapy are example of
Non Classified Techniques
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The muscle that is generally more stationary and located proximal is
the origin
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the more mobile attachment and generally more distal is the
the insertion
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when the client lifts their limb off the table and pushes against your hand, the movement is classified as
active resistive
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during some trigger point therapy, you are pushing on the trigger point in cycles of pain intesity peaking at 6 or 7 (on a 10 point scale) and subsiding to 3 or 4. The law and or technique being applies is referred to as
Ischemic compression and the Arndt-Shultz Law
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This technique broadens fibrous tissue, breaking down adhesions
Deep transverse friction
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The idea that stimulation of particular points on the body affects other areas or organs is called
Reflexology
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kneading strokes on the top of the trapezius is an example of
petrissage
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cupping done o nthe back for lung congestion is an example of
percussion
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aligning major body segements through manipulation of connective tissue is
Rolfing method
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the most immediate therapeutic benefit of friction is
local hyperemia
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what is the best massage technique to lift muscles off the bone?
petrissage
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Name and describe the 4 basic steps involved in Therapeutic Procedure
- Assessment: Assessing the minute they walk in. look at body mechanics, posture. Assessment through visual then by feel. Feel the tissue throughout whole body.
- Planning: information gained from the assessment is used to set treatment goals and determine strategy
- Performance: actually applying your technique based on your assessment and planning
- Evaluation: Examine outcome of your session and this is a continuous process.
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What is the difference between subjective and objective findings?
- Subjective: information perceived by the client
- Objective: what is observed by the therapist
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Define Contractile tissue
fibrous tissues that have tensions placed on them during muscular contractions
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define inert tissue
passive tissues, tissues that are not contractile such as bone, ligament, or nerves
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Define End feel
the change in the quality of the movement as the end of a movement is achieved
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____ is a skill and an art developed by the therapis that is a primary assessment tool allowing the therapis to listen to the client's body through the therapist's hands.
Palpation
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In regards to the terms used to describe a condition, pain or an illness, what is the difference between chronic and acute?
- chronic: lingering or ongoing condition
- acute: sudden onset usually short duration
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Chair massage was formulated and popularized by
David Palmer
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in seated massage, which areas are most readily accessible?
head, neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, hands
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the most common reasons seated clients might faint or experiene symptoms of fainting are:
drop in blood pressure or blood sugar
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What does the acronym P.R.I.C.E. stand for and how is it used
- its for first aid response
- P: Protect the area or tissue
- R: Rest the area
- I: Ice the area to reduce swelling and pain
- C:Compression the area
- E: Elevation to the area to reduce swelling and pain
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Define Cryotherapy
is the application of cold agents for therapeutic purposes
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Define hydrotherapy
is the application of water in any of its 3 forms (solid, liquid, vapor) to the body for therapeutic purposes
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define Contrast Therapy
is the application of alternating heat and cold for therapeutic purposes
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Define Thermotherapy
is the external application of heat to the body for therapeutic purposes
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Describe the three classifications of the effects and changes hydrotherapy has on the body
- Thermal: application of water at temps above or below of the body (baths, wraps, and packs)
- Mechanical: application of pressure exerted on the body by sprays, whirlpool baths, and friction
- Chemical: application of products to bath water or steam like oils, salts, herbal peparations.
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Name 5 contraindications for performing hydrotherapy
- diabetes
- lung disease
- kidney infection
- extremely high or low blood pressure
- multiple sclerosis
- during pregnancy
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causes vasodialtion and an increase of circulation
heat
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a whole-body application of ___ raises the core body temp
heat
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a short application of ___ has a stimulating effect where as an extended application of ___ will depress metabolic activity.
cold
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thermal treatments above ___ or below freeazing may cause tissue damage.
115 degrees F
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prolonged general treatments below 70 degrees F may cause___
hypothermia
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prolonged general treatment above 104 degrees F may cause
hyperthermia
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___ can cause perspiration, increase pulse rate, and white cell counts
heat
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____ may have a numbing, anesthic, analgestic effect.
cold
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local applications of ___ cause a reduction of nerve sensitivity, circulation, and muscle spasms
cold
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local applications of ___ cause reddening (due to vasodialtion), increased metabolism and leukocyte migration to the area
heat
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the application of water in any of its 3 forms (solid, liquid, or vapor) to the body for therapeutic purposes
hypdrotherapy
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the alternating application of heat and cold for therapeutic purposes
contrast therapy
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farthest point from the origin of a structure
distal
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pertaining to the middle, near midline
medial
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dividing into front and back halves
coronal plane
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on the side; further from the center
lateral
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dividing left and right, vertically
sagittal plane
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nearest to the origin of a structure
proximal
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toward the crown of the head or the top
superior (cranial)
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dividing upper and lower, horizontally
transverse plane
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before or in front of
anterior (ventral)
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toward the feet
inferior (caudal)
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behind or back of
posterior (dorsal)
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side of the cranium or head
parietal
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region of armpit
axillary
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diamond shaped area behind the knee
popliteal
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inferior to the umbilical region
hypogastric
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region of the neck
cervical
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region of the lower back
lumbar
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between the shoulder and the elbow
brachial
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region of the thigh
femoral
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region of the buttocks
gluteal
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Dorsal
- cranial cavity
- spinal cavity
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Ventral
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
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Name the 10 important systems of the human body
- I: Integumentary
- S: Skeletal
- M: Muscular
- C: Circulatory
- N: Nervous
- E: Endocrine
- D: Digestive
- R: Respiratory
- E: Excretory
- R: Reproduction
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Name the 6 principle functions of the skin
- P: Protection: Protects the body from injury and bacterial invasion.
- H: Heat regulation: maintains homeostasis
- A: Absorption: its water proof, protects us from chemicals by limiting the amounts absorbed
- R: Respiration: it breathes through the pores takine in O2 and releases CO2
- S: Secretion and excretion: sudoriferous glands excrete sweat which waste and maintiain homeostasis and sebaceous gland secrete oil or sebum to lubricate skin
- S: Sensation: have many nerves to provide sensation of touch
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Name and define the two clear divisions or layers of the skin's structure:
- Epidermis: outer most layer ofthe skin
- Dermis: inner layer below the Epidermis
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_____ and _____ supply nutrients to the skin
Blood and Lymph
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As much as ____ % of the total blood suply to the body is distributed to the skin
50%
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Massage ___ ___ which benefits the skin by carrying nutrients to the cells.
increases or improves circulation and blood flow
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Name the two types of duct or exocrine glands found in the skin and the function of each one.
- sudoriferous glands: excrete sweat to get rid of waste and maintain homeostasis
- sebaceous glands: secrete oil to lubricate skin
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Define a lesion
a structural change to the tissue caused by disease or an injury.
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Name and describe the 5 main functions of the skeletal system
- Framework: supports body structures and gives shape to body
- Protects delicate internal organs and tissues
- Provide attachement for our muscles and work with them to produce movement
- Manufacture blood cell in the red bone marrow
- Storage for minerals, salts, calcium
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Name the 2 main parts or division of the skeleton and name the basic parts that make up each division
- axial: cranium, face, ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
- appendicular skeleton:
- Upper extremeties: clavicla, scapula, humerous, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals
- Lower extremeties: pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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In the human adult, the skeleton consists of ____ bones
206
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Define a sprain then classify sprains according to their severity:
- sprain is an injury to a joint that results in stretching or tearing of the ligament.
- sprain I: stretch in ligament, minimal loss of function
- sprain II: ligament is torn, some loss of function. discoloration of skin from tissue damage
- sprain III: torn ligament, most severe, severe loss of function, internal bleeding
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define bursae and define bursitis
- bursae: fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and lubricated with synovial fluid, functioning as a cushion in areas of pressure
- bursitis: is an inflammation of the bursae
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The musular systems shapes and supports the skeleton. Depending on a person's physical development, muscles comprise approximately ___ % to ___ % of the total body weight.
40% to 60%
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The skeletal muscular system consists of over ___ muscles, large and small.
600
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Name and describe the 3 types of musclar tissue:
- Voluntary: straited
- Involuntary: nonstraited, smooth
- Cardiac or Heart: striated, found only in the heart
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Define Origin
the end of a muscle attachment to an immovable section of the skeleton
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Define insertion:
more mobile attachment of a muscle to bone
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define isometric contraction
occurs when a muscle contracts and the ends of the muscle do not move
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define isotonic contraction
when a muscle contracts and the distance between the ends of the muscle changes
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define eccentric contraction
when a muscle contracts while the ends of the muscle move farther apart.
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define prime mover
primary muscle responsible for a specific movement
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define agonist
a prime mover
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define antagonist
the muscle that performs the opposite movement of the agonist
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define synergists
muscles that assist the agonist
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define fixator
muscles that act to stabilize a body part so that another muscle can act on an adjacent limb or body part
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define muscle spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
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muslce tissue and fascia are structurally and functionally inseparable. The term ___ has been coined to describe the combined muscle and fascial tissue.
myofascial
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Name and describe the 3 degrees of muscle strain
- Grade I: overstretching a few muscle fibers with minimal tearing of fibers. no loss of function.
- Grade II: a partial tear of 10% to 50% of the muscle fibers. some loss of function
- Grade III: most severe with 50% to 100% of muscle tearing. theres a papaple depression of muscle. severe pain. total to near total loss of muscle function
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The preferred intervention during the acute stage of a muscle strain, which can last from ___ to ___ hours, depending on the severity, is described by the acronym P.R.I.C.E.
- 24 to 72 hours. used for 1st aid response
- Protection
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
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Type ___, ( ___ twitch) ____ muscles respond to stress/disuse by shortening & becoming hypertonic, while type ___, ( ____ twitch) _____ muscles respond to stress/disuse by weakening.
Type I, slow twitch postural muscles
Type II, fast twitch phasic muscles
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Postural Muscles
Type I, become hypertonic
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phasic muscles
Type II, inhibited and weaken, become hypotonic
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