-
A pigment that is the by-product of hemoglobin catabolism.
Bilirubin
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Parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic postganglionic fibers located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa
Myenteric Plexus
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The pear-shaped reservior for bile after it is secreted by the liver
Gallbladder
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A cell whose meiotic division will produce a single ovum and three polar bodies.
Oocyte
-
Hormones released by specialized cardiocytes when they are stretched by an abnormally large venous return; promotes fluid loss and reduction in blood pressure and in venous return. Includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Natriuretic Peptides(NP)
-
The dividion of a single cell nucleus that produces two identical daughter cell nuclei; an essential step in cell division.
mitosis
-
Requiring the presence of oxygen
Aerobic
-
Pertaining to the stomach
gastric
-
An enlarged ovum or spermatozoon nucleus that forms after fertiliation but before amphimixis
Pronucleus
-
Polyuria due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone
diabetes insipidus
-
The principal androgen produced by the interstital cells of the testes.
Testosterone
-
The fusion of a secondary oocyte and a spermatozoon to form a zygote
fertiliztion
-
Large salivary gland that secrete a saliva containing high concentrations of salivary (alpha) amylase.
Parotid salivary glands
-
A compound whose dissociations in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion; an acid solution has a pH below 7.0 and contains an excess of hydrogen ions
acid
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The external openins of the anal canal
anus
-
Active transport between two limbs of a loop that contains a fluid moving in one direction; responsible for the concentration of urine in the kidney tubules.
countercurrent multiplication
-
A compound whose dissociation releases a hydroxide ion (OH2) or removes a hydrogen ion (H1) from the solution.
base
-
Chromosomes other than the X or Y sex chromosome.
Autosomal
-
A sac or pouch in the call of the colon or other organ
diverticulum
-
The large intestine
Colon
-
A bridle; usually referring to a band of tissue that restricts movement, e.g., lingual frenulum
fernulum
-
The synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursors
gluconeogenesis
-
A wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the axis of a tube such as the digestive tract, the ureters, or the ductus deferens
peristalsis
-
The production of milk by the mammary glands
lactation
-
A temporary structure in the uterine wall that permits diffusion between the fetal and maternal circulatory system.
placenta
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An enzyme that breaks down the bonds between adjacent follicle cells; produced by some bacteria and found in the acrosomal cap of a spermatozoon
hyaluronidase
-
Physical characteristics that are genetically determined.
phenotype
-
The middle germ layer, between the ectoderm and endoderm of the embryo
mesoderm
-
A fatty acid secreted by one cell that alters the metabolic activities or sensitivities of adjacent cells; also called local hormone
prostaglandin
-
The period of intrauterine development; pregnancy
gestation
-
a portion of a DNA strand that functions as a hereditary unit, is located at a particular site on a specific chromosome, and codes for a specific protein or polypeptide.
gene
-
Possessing two different alleles at corresponding sites on a chromosomes pair; the individual's phenotype is determined by one or both of the alleles
heterozygous
-
A period of rapid growth, sexual maturation and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics; normally occurs at ages 10-15 years
puberty
-
Cells of the blastocyst that will form the body of the embryo.
inner cell mass
-
A class of steroid sex hormones that includes estradiol.
estrogens
-
a genetic abnormality resulting from the presence of three copies of chromosome 21; individual with this condition have characteristic physical and intellectual deficits.
down syndrome
-
a noncellular pathogen
virus
-
the premature loss or expulsion of an embryo or fetus
abortion
-
a newborn infant, or baby
neonate
-
-
A membranous sac at the tip of a spermatozoon that contains hyaluronidase.
acrosomal cap
-
Milk-producing glands of the female breast
mammary glands
-
An extraembryonic membrane, consisting of the trophoblast and underlying mesoderm, that forms the placenta
chorion/chorionic
-
The gradual appearance of characteristic cellular specializations during development as the result of gene activation or repression
differentiation
-
outside the normal location
ectopic
-
One of the three primary germ layers; the layer on the undersurface of the embryonic disc; gives rise to the epithelia and glands of the digestive system, the respiratory system, and portions of the urinary system
endoderm
-
The developental stage lasting for the start of the third developmental month to delivery.
fetus
-
The abnormal possession of three copies of a chromosome;
- trisomy
- trisomy 21 is responsible for Down Syndrome
-
the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during a normal quiet respiratory cycle.
tidal volume
-
The placental hormone that maintains the corpus luteum for the first 3 months of pregnancy
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
-
The inability to conceive; also call sterility
infertility
-
The connecting stalk between the fetus and the placenta; contains the allantois, the umbilical arteries, and the umbilical vein.
umbilical cord
-
The attachment of a blastocyst into the endometrium of the uterine wall.
implantation
-
The rate of filtrate formation at the glomerulus
Glomerular filtration rate
-
The placental hormone that stimulates the functional development of the mamary glands
human placental lactogen (hPL)
-
The early stage in the developing embryo, consisting of a outer trophoblast and an inner cell mass
blastocyst
-
the study of mechanisms of heredity
genetics
-
The first meiotic division, which reduces the chromosome number from 46 to 23.
reductional division
-
outside the body, in an artifical environment
in vitro
-
The activation process that must occur before a spermatozoon can successfully fertilize an oocyte; occurs in the vagina after ejaculation
capacitation
-
one of the three primary germ layers; covers the surface of the embryo and gives rise to the nervos system, the epidermis and associated glands and a variety of other structures
ectoderm
-
Fluid that fills the amniotic cavity; cushions and supports the embryo or fetus
amniotic fluid
-
cell division that produces gametes with half the normal somatic chromosome complement
meiosis
-
growth and the acquisition of increasing structural and functional complexity; includes the period from conception to maturity
development
-
The formation of organs during embryological and fetal development
organogenesis
-
the thick layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus.
myometrium
-
the yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
extraembryonic membranes
-
a small pit or cavity
lacuna
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