usmle flashcards for iflashcards.txt

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

Cushing's ulcer (ICP rise stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

Curling's ulcer (low plasma volume causes sloughing of gastric mucosa)

Skip lesions (Crohn's Disease)

Hypertension

Atherosclerosis

Tertiary Syphilis or Marfan's Syndrome

Wernicke's Encephalopathy (Thiamine (B1) deficiency causes ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion)

Sickle cell anemia (HbS)

H. Pylori

Neisseria Meningitidis

Group B streptococcus

S. Pneumoniae or Neisseria Meningitidis

Spitz nevus (most common ages 0-20)

Bernard-Soulier disease (faulty platelet adhesion to vWF)

Supratentorial: mets>astrocytoma (GBM)>meningioma>Schwaanoma

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) // Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1/9 women get BC in U.S.)

1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (postmenopausal)

Fibroadenoma

Rhabdomyoma

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (mitral, non-bacterial)

1. Metastasis 2. Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; ball and valve)

Chiari malformation (progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

Atrial fibrillation (high risk of emboli)

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (+pernicious anemia)

DES exposure in utero (diethylbestrol)

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Ventriculo-Septal Defect (VSD)

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (hepatocytes can't secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

Tuberculosis (TB)

LAD > RCA > LCA

Iodine deficiency / Hypothyroidism

1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosis)

VSD, ASD, PDA

Blast crisis

Lupus nephropathy

1. Alzheimer's 2. Multiple infarcts

MS

Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma

Iron

Zenker's diverticulum (barium swallow diagnosis)

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide), adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

S. aureus, B. cereus

Berger's Disease (IgA nephropathy)

Endometrial carcinoma (most common)

Mitral valve prolapse

Mitral (rheumatic fever), Tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (rheumatic fever, 2nd affected)

1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (crescent)

Rupture of bridging veins (trauma) (lentiform shaped)

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can cause CHF, "bronze diabetes", and raises risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

Cirrhotic liver (hepatitis B and C)

von-Willebrand's disease

Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

Diabetes Mellitus type 1, rhematoid arthritis, SLE

VSF, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

Virchow's triad (VENOUS THROMBOSIS)

Renal disease

often caused by thyroidectomy

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

Hepatitis C

1. Calcium=radioopaque 2. Struvite (NH4)=radioopaque (formed by urease+ organisms like Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid - radioLUCent

Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA), results in pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia)

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Gaucher's disease (Glucocerebrosidase)

Prostatic carcinoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)

1. Down syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome

Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (RCC), GI

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung carcinomas

Rheumatic heart disease

ALS

Coxsackie B

1. ALL 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Minimal change disease (associated with infections, vaccinations; treat with steroids)

Klebsella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BPH

Mitral stenosis

Pneumonia (Pneumocystis jiroveci) - formerly carinii)

S. aureus

Salmonella

Pseudomonas, S. Aureus

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

Serous cystadenoma

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Gallstones, alcohol

alcohol (adults), CF (kids)

ALL: child, CLL: adult>60, AML: adult>60, CML: adult 35-50

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)

CML (although sometimes ALL/AML)

1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma

Turner syndrome (XO)

Multiple myeloma

Adenoma of adrenal CORTEX

1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a-1 antitrypsin)

COPD

Buerger's Disease (tobacco)

RCC: associated with von-Hippel Landau and adult Polycystic Kidney Disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)

Cor pulmonale

high ventricular filling (L>R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure in CHF)

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

Hypocalcemia of CKD

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

small cell carcinoma of the lung

Sigmoid colon

Abdominal aorta>coronary>popliteal>carotid

Adenocarcinoma

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)

Philadelphia chromosome; CML (bcr-abl hybrid)

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

Seminoma

Papillary carcinoma

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously)

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

Diffuse large cell

E. Coli, Staphylocccus saprophyticus (young women)

HSV

Folic acid (pregnant women at high-risk, body has only 3-4 month supply, prevents neural tube defects)

Sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN)

Specificity = TN/(TN+FP)

PPV = TP/(TP+FP)

NPV = TN/(TN+FN)

RR = (a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

AR = (a/a+b)-(c/c+d)

NNT = 1/Absolute Risk Reduciton

NNH = 1/Attributable Risk

ad/bc

p2 + 2pq+ q2=1 // p+q=1

pH=pKa + log [HCO3-]/0.03 PCO2)

Vd = amt drug in body/plasma drug conc.

CL = rate of elimination of drug/plasma drug concentration

t1/2 = 0.7Vd/CL

LD = Cp*Vd/F

MD = Cp*CL/F

CO = rate of O2 consumption/(arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)

CO = Stroke Volume x heart rate

1. MAP = CO*total peripheral resistance 2. MAP = 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic

SV = end diastolic volume-end systolic volume

EF = (stroke volume/end diastolic volume)*100

1. R = Driving pressure/flow 2. R = 8η (viscosity)*length/πr4

Pnet=[(Pc-Pi)-(πC - πi)]

Uinulin *V/Pinulin = Cinulin

GFR = Kf [(PGC-PBS)-(πGC-πBS)]

ERPF = UPAH*V/PPAH = CPAH

RBF = RPF/1-Hct

FF = GFR/RPF

VD = VT * (PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)

Marfan's syndrome

Erythropoietin injection

Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)

Sarcoidosis (non-caseating granulomas)

Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)

Burton's line (lead poisoning)

Paget's Disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)

aortic regurgitation

1. Neurofibromatosis type I (+pheochromocytomas, optic gliomas) // 2. Neurofibromatosis type II (+bilateral acoustic neuromas)

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)

Muscular Dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's)

1. Tay Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) // 2. Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation// 3. central retinal artery occlusion

Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)

Gowers' sign (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; X-linked recessive deleted dystrophin gene)

Slapped cheeks = erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)

Huntington's Disease (Autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion)

McArdle's Disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency, a GSD)

HyPOthyroidism

Internuclear opthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral~Multiple Sclerosis; unilateral~stroke)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)

Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Graves' disease)

Kaposi's sarcoma; usually in AIDS patients (gay men), associated with HHV-8)

Kussmaul breathing (Diabetic ketoacidosis)

Pellagra (niacin (=vitamin B3) deficiency)

Wet beriberi (thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency

Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)

Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (can progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect, usually type III)

Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)

1. Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) // 2. Mycosis fungoides

Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)

Acute cholecystitis (bile duct blockage)

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)

Measles (Morbillivirus)

B symptoms (lymphoma)

Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X linked recessive)

Wilson's Disease (copper accumulation leading to Kayser-Fleischer rings)

Peutz -Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction, elevated cancer risk)

Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)

Alport's syndrome (type IV collagen mutation)

Trousseau's sign (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)

Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)

1. Non-painful=chancRE (primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum) // 2. Painful, with exudate=chancROID (Haemophilus ducreyi)

Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)

Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)

Edwards Syndrome (trisomy 18)

Charcot's triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)

Squamous cell carcinoma

Lyme disease (Borrelia): Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite

Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)

Bruton's disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)

Glanzmann's thombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)

Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)

1. Wegener's syndrome (c-ANCA-positive) // 2. Goodpasture's syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip"

Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)

Multiple Sclerosis

Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or elevated intracranial pressure)

Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)

Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)

Osler's node (infective endocarditis)

Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)

Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing the bile duct

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)

Wermer's syndrome (MEN 1)

"Pink puffer' (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [a1-antitrypsin deficiency)

Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)

Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)

Neurosyphilis (Argyll-Robertson pupil)

Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating PNS polyneuropathy)

Secondary syphilis // Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Job's syndrome (hyper IgE syndrome; neurophil chemotaxis abnormality)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Paget's disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)

Paroxymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)

Parkinson's disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)

Pompe's Disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)

Bacterial endocarditis (Roth's spots)

Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

Appendicitis (McBurney's sign)

Fanconi's anemia (genetic; often progresses to AML)

Down syndrome (trisomy 21) - simian crease

Kartagener's syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia movement)

Addison's disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency; autoimmune or infectious)

Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-linked, defective dystrophin, less severe than Duchenne's)

Measles (Koplik spots)

Secondary syphilis (condylomata lata)

Bacterial endocarditis

Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome

Turner Syndrome (XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)

Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)

Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP (Bouchard's nodes), DIP (Heberden's nodes)

Aortic valve stenosis

Sipple's syndrome (MEN 2A)

Babinski's sign (UMN lesion)

Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)

Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)

1. Hemangioma (benign) // 2. Sturge-Weber syndrome

Shwartzman reaction (following 2nd exposure to endotoxin)

Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulemic patients)

Chronic end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Acute pyelonephritis

Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Scleroderma (CREST)

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

Rhematoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

PBC - primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's, p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleeding diathesis)

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

Celiac disease (diarrhea, distension, weight loss)

Auer rods (AML, especially promyelocytic)

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)

Lead poisoning or sideoblastic anemia

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

Actinomyces israelii

Pancoast's tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion, can cause Horner's syndrome)

Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts due to: 1. Hyperparathyroidism or 2. Osteitis fibrosis cystica

Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

Endometriosis (frequenly both ovaries)

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficinecy and mucous plugs)

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)

Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

Curschmann's spiral (bronchial asthma; can results in whorled mucous plugs)

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

Owl's eye appearance of CMV

Orphan Annie eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)

Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)

Councilman body (toxic/viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)

Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk-sac tumor)

B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)

Choriocarcinoma or Hyatidiform mole (with or without embryo)

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus)

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

Ghon focus (primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

Interstitial fibrosis

Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)

Increased a-FP: Anencephale, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or Yellow fever)

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: higher risk of mesothelioma)

Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital faillure of phagolysosome formation)

Wilson's Disease (hepatolenticulra degeneration)

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)

Multiple myeloma

Fibrocystic change of the breast

1. Multiple myeloma (M-protein, usually IgG or IgA) // 2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging) // 3. Waldenstrom's (M-protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia // 4. Primary amyloidosis

1. Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine)] // 2. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

String sign (Crohn's disease)

Gout (hyperuricemia)

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease or CJD)

Glioblastoma multiforme

Acute glomerulonephritis

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

Coarctation of the aorta

Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)

Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia; similar to Alzheimer's)

Giant cell tumor of bome (generally benign)

Membranous glomerulonephritis (can progress to nephrotic syndrome)

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

Clue cells - Gardnerella vaginalis

Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

Epiglottitis (Hemophilus influenzae)

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

CLL (almost always B cell; affects elderly)

Lupus nephropathy

Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)