Fall Final Review

A possible explanation or answer to a question is a
a. fact.
b. law.
c. synopsis.
d hypothesis.

Scientists may do
a controlled experiment to

a. ask a question.
b. test a hypothesis.
c. communicate results.
d. simplify data.

Scientists begin to learn about the natural world by
A. summarizing research
B. forming expectations.
C. accepting investigation results.
D. asking questions

An investigation may continue after results are accepted if there is
A. a closed case.
B. outdated evidence.
C. a repeated question.
D. new evidence.

What order do the steps of a scientific method follow?
A. chronological order
B. They do not follow a set order.
C. numerical order
D. alphabetical order

Scientists form a hypothesis when they
A. prove a theory.
B. investigate a question.
C. change data.
D. analyze data.

What model is used to show objects that are too small or too large to see completely?
A. a mathematical model
B. a conceptual model
C. a physical model
D. a climate model

The data in a climate model has
A. a large margin of error.
B. few variables.
C. many variables.
D. a small margin of error.

To learn from a model, a scientist must
A. take apart the model.
B. visualize the model.
C. measure the model.
D. choose the right model.

The volume of a liquid is often given in
A. liters.
B. meters.
C. centimeters.
D. square units.

A scientist finds a vase that she believes is 2,000 years old. She compares its features to those of similar vases in a museum. She is
A. drawing conclusions.
B. testing a hypothesis.
C. asking a question.
D. forming a hypothesis.

If you wanted to learn about plants and animals that live in the ocean, you would speak to a
A. chemical oceanographer.
B. physical oceanographer.
C. geological oceanographer.
D. biological oceanographer.

What kind of model is a miniature space shuttle?

a. a physical model

b. a conceptual model

c. an astronomical model

d. a mathematical model

How is a climate model an example of a complex mathematical model?

a. Its data can be processed by using equations with few variables.

b. Its variables are based on a system of ideas.

c. It has many variables that must be processed by computers.

d. It allows you to calculate simple measurements.

Why is it important for members of the scientific community to learn the results of an investigation?

a. They can make scientific laws based on new discoveries.

b. They can include the information in science textbooks.

c. They can honor scientists for their achievements.

d. They can review evidence to further investigate the truth.

If you wanted to learn about the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, you would study

a. meteorology.

b. geology.

c.astronomy.



geology.

d. oceanography.

Which unit would be most appropriate for measuring the mass of a cow?

a. a kilogram

b. a meter

c. a cubic meter

d. a gram

What step is the beginning of the process that scientists use to learn more about the natural world?

a. drawing conclusions

b. analyzing data

c. communicating results

d. asking questions

An explanation that ties together many hypothesis and explanations is called a(n)

a. model.

b. concept.

c. theory.

d. investigation.

A safety symbol that shows a picture of a bottle reminds you to

a. wear goggles during a science investigation.

b. use chemicals safely.

c. be careful when handling scissors.

d. use a lot of water during a science investigation.

To find the area of a surface, you

a. use a thermometer.

b. multiply length times width times height.

c. divide mass by volume.

d. multiply length times width.

A scientific theory

a. is often used to explain scientific models.

b. is a single hypothesis.

c. ties together many hypotheses and observations.

d. is not useful in predicting the future.

The International System of Units allows scientists to

a. share data around the world.

b. translate data into English.

c. note data in multiples of five.

d. base data on many variables.

Visual aids in your textbook that alert you to use caution during science investigations are called

a. chemical symbols.

b. safety symbols.

c. hazard signs.

d. red flags.

What do astronomers study?

a. bodies in space

b. elements in fossils

c. bacteria in water

d. weather on Earth

What steps do scientists use to answer questions and solve problems?

a. scientific methods

b. chemical formulas

c. data analyses

d. experiment outlines

What do scientists use to show or describe how something works?

a. a model

b. a question

c. a debate theory

d. an inquiry

What do scientists find out when they draw conclusions?

a. if the data are correct

b. if their questions are useful

c. if their results support their hypotheses

d. if other scientists agree with them

What do scientists do after learning the results of an investigation?

a. They all agree with the results.

b. They review evidence.

c. They all disagree with the results.

d. They draw the same conclusions.

What model can be used for objects that are hard to see completely?

a. a physical model

b. a mathematical model

c. a telescopic model

d. a conceptual model

Why must computers process data from climate models?

a. The models are on a disk.



c. The models have many pages.

b. The models have numbers.

d. The models have many variables.

What should you do before you start any scientific investigation?

a. note safety information

b. collect data

c. answer questions

d. predict results

What is the measure of how much surface an object has?

a. mass

b. volume

c. region

b. volume

d. area

Which of the following places would NOT be useful as a reference point?

a. 123 Elm Street

b. Boise, Idaho

c. the mountains

d. Johnny’s Country Store

Which of the following is NOT a method of remote sensing?

a.
determining your distance from Chicago using GPS

b. measuring the depth of the ocean by using sound waves from a ship

c. measuring the length of a trail by hiking on it

d. using a satellite to photograph a city

Which of the following connects points of equal elevation?

a. contour line

b. legend

c. distortion

d. latitude

What color is normally used to indicate contour lines on a topographical map?

a. black

b. brown

c. pink

b. brown

d. blue

Which direction does a compass needle point?

a. towards the prime meridian

b. towards the magnetic north pole

c. along the Earth’s axis

d. towards true north

A method of sending energy waves from a satellite to an area of Earth being observed is

a. conic projection.

b. GPS.

c. radar.

d. navigation.

On a topographic map, what is used to show elevation?

a. relief

b. contour lines

c. blue lines

d. an open circle

Which of the following is generally NOT included on a map?

a. legend

b. artist

c. title

d. date

Since Greenwich, England is on the prime meridian, which of the following is a line of longitude closest to New York City?

a. 45° N

b. 70° E

c. 30° S

d. 90° W

Which type of map would give you the best estimate of the distance between Atlanta, Georgia and Knoxville, Tennessee?

a. conic projection

b. cylindrical projection

c. azimuthal projection

b. cylindrical projection

d. equal-area projection

If a topographic map included a 6,000 ft. mountain next to an area of low hills, which would best describe the contour lines on the map?

a. The contour lines would be dark blue.

b. The contour lines around the mountain would be very close together.

c. The contour lines would cross near the top of the mountain.

d. The contour lines around the rolling hills would be very close together.

What is a model of the Earth’s surface?

a. a landmark

b. a map

c. a sphere

b. a map

d. a circumference

What is used to find true north on a compass?

a. equator

b. prime meridian

c. magnetic declination

d. cardinal directions

What would you see on a topographical map?

a. stars

b. lines of latitude

c. roads

d. conic projection

In addition to reclamation, a good way to reduce the environmental effects of mining is to

a. recycle mineral products.

b. dig deeper mines.

c. use more metals.

d. flush mines with water.

Which of the following is NOT a class of nonsilicate minerals?

a. oxides

b. micas

c. carbonates

d. native elements

What is a mineral deposit that is large and pure enough to be mined called?

a. gemstone

b. ore

c.pluton

d. pegmatite

What is the name for nonmetallic minerals that are values for their beauty and rarity rather than their usefulness?

a. plutons

b. gemstones

c. ores

d. pegmatites

The potentially harmful effects of mining can be reduced by

a. reclamation of the land.

b. strip mining.

c. using more metals.

d. flushing mines with water.

Besides air and water, what can change the color of a mineral?

a. pyrite

b.location

c. streak

d. impurities

Which of the following is NOT a type of luster?

a. nonmetallic

b. submetallic

c. supermetallic

d. metallic

Which of the following rocks is not normally used as a construction material?

a. marble

b. halite

c.limestone

d. granite

Which of the following processes changes rock on Earth’s surface?

a. metamorphism

b.erosion

c. compaction

d. cementation

Scientists classify rocks

a. by composition and texture.

b. by volume.

c. by mass.

d. by color and size.

What kind of texture does igneous rock have when magma cools slowly?

a. coarse-grained

b. large-grained

c. fine-grained

d. medium-grained

What kind of texture does igneous rock have when magma cools rapidly?

a. coarse-grained

b. medium-grained

c. large-grained

d. fine-grained

What kind of sedimentary rock can be cemented together by calcite or quartz?

a. organic

b. stratified

c.chemical

d. clastic

What kind of sedimentary rock is made from dissolved minerals?

a. organic

b. chemical

c.stratified

d. clastic

What kind of sedimentary rock is made from fossils?

a. organic

b. stratified

c. chemical

d. clastic

How did humans use rocks in the past?

a. to play sports

b. to tell time

c. to write

d. to make tools

Which of the following does NOT cause magma to form?

a. an increase in pressure on rock

b. a rise in temperature in rock

c. a change in composition in rock

d. a decrease in pressure on rock

Sedimentary rock is formed through the process of

a. cementation

b. stratification.

c. erosion.

d. foliation.

When magma cools quickly, what kind of texture does rock have?

a. coarse-grained

b. large-grained

c. medium-grained

d. fine-grained

What do scientists call the rock that is formed when magma cools below the Earth’s surface?

a. extrusive igneous rock

b. intrusive igneous rock

c. eruptive rock

d. volcanic rock

The process in which rocks change shape is called

a. deformation.

b. deposition.

c. composition.

d. foliation.

Which of the following is a coarse-grained igneous rock?

a. shale

b. marble

c. granite

d. gneiss

What is the grain of igneous rock formed when magma cools quickly?

a. fine-grained

b. large-grained

c. medium-grained

d. coarse-grained

How does clastic sedimentary rock begin?

A. as magma
B. as plant remains
C. as animal remains
D. as fragments of rock

What do bends or folds in rocks show?
A. They have been deformed.
B. They have cooled slowly.
C. They have cooled rapidly
D. They have been weathered.

What occurs when temperature and pressure inside the Earth’s crust change?
A. deformation
B. metamorphism
C. deposition
D. stratification

What is one way that magma forms?
A. when rock is heated
B. when rock is cemented
C. when rock is cooled
D. when rock is weathered

What forces change a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock?

A. weathering and erosion
B. cooling
C. melting
D. heat and pressure

What does all igneous rock begin as?

A. magma
B. crystals
C. fissures
D. mud cracks

What can some organic sedimentary rocks can be made of?

A. insects
B. seaweed
C. living plants
D. fossils

Besides heat, what else causes a rock to undergo metamorphism?

A. cooling rate
B. melting
C. pressure
D. weathering

If oceans become so polluted that corals are unable to form, what rock would not be able to form?

A. chemical rock
B. organic sedimentary rock
C. sedimentary rock
D. clastic rock

Which of the following describes the process by which sediment drops and comes to rest?

a.erosionc.
b.deposition
cementation
d.melting

Petroleum and natural gas form mainly from

A. decayed sea organisms
B. mineral deposits.
C. decayed swamp plants.
D. the remains of land animals.

Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with fossil fuel use?

A. radioactive spillage
B. loss of animal habitats
C. smog
D. acid precipitation

What is the term for two or more nuclei joining together to form a new nucleus?

A. fusion
B. splitting
C. fission
D. combining

Natural vents that discharge steam or water from Earth are called

A. hot springs.
B. magma.
C. geysers.
D. geotherms.

The use of solar energy systems is limited by

A. production of toxic wastes.
B. low availability of energy.
C. need for pollution controls.
D. the high cost of equipment.

The energy contained in fossil fuels originally came from

A. the sun.
B. pressurization.
C. heat from the center of Earth.
D. the compression of fuel.

Strip mining is used

A. to limit the use of explosives.
B. in order to protect the environment.
C. to mine shallow coal deposits.
D. when coal is found deep in Earth.

Which of the following did NOT come from once-living organisms?

A. gasohol
B. uranium
C. charcoal
D. crude oil

Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?

A. wind
B. fresh water
C. trees
D. natural gas

What is reusing waste or scrap materials called?

A. resourcing
B. refreshing
C. reducing
D. recycling

What do petroleum and natural gas mostly form from?

A. the remains of swamp plants
B. the remains of sea organisms
C. the remains of burned-out forests
D. the remains of land animals

Which of the following is NOT a stage of coal formation?

A. lignite
B. anthracite
C. peat
D. hematite

What is the splitting the nuclei of a radioactive atom called?

A. atom splitting
B. fusion
C. atom splicing
D. fission

What is the joining of two or more nuclei to form a larger nucleus?

A. atom splicing
B. atom splitting
C. fusion
D. fission

What is a volcanic eruption caused by?

A. geothermal energy
B. fusion
C. chemical energy
D. solar energy

Which of the following events would be a catastrophe?

A. deposition
B. an asteroid hitting the earth
C. gradual erosion
D. an average rainfall

What kind of scientist studies the history of plants and animals?

A. a paleontologist
B. a chemist
C. a botanist
D. a geologist

What is the most common type of unconformity?

A. a nonconformity
B. an angular unconformity
C. a disconformity
D. a fault

Which of the following are isotopes?

A. atoms with the same number of electrons
B. atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
C. atoms with the same number of protons and neutrons
D. atoms with the same number of neutrons

Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil?

A. hardened tree sap
B. preserved footprints
C. a frozen mammoth
D. mold and cast

During which era did birds and small mammals begin to evolve?

A. Cenozoic
B. Paleozoic
C. Mesozoic
D. Jurassic

Which era are we in now?

A. Cenozoic
B. Jurassic
C. Mesozoic
D. Paleozoic

What does the rock and fossil record represent?

A. index fossils
B. geologic time
C. the Age of Reptiles
D. the Age of Mammals

Which of the following is the largest division of geologic time?
A. eon
B. era
C. period
D. epoch

Erosion is one of the major causes of the missing rock layers, known as

A. tilting.
B. superposition.
C. unconformities.
D. the geologic column.

A fossil used to date surrounding rock layers is called a(n)

A. trace fossil.
B. mold.
C. index fossil.
D. cast.

To determine the most accurate and precise age of Earth’s oldest rocks, geologists would use

A. the carbon-14 method.method.
B. the uranium-lead
C. relative dating.
D. index fossils.

Which of the following is a trace fossil?

A. a frozen woolly mammoth
B. a mark left by a dinosaur’s tail
C. a mummified plant seed
D. a mosquito trapped in amber

How many years of the history of Earth do geologists study?

A. 2.5 million years
B. 1,000 years
C. 4.6 billion years
D. 5,000 years

The phrase “younger over older” could be used to remember the principle of

A. unconformities.
B. absolute dating.
C. geologic columns.
D. superposition.

What is tilting?

A. an intrusion
B. folding of rock layers
C. a form of erosion
D. slanting of rock layers

Which word best describes the geologic column?

A. complete
B. ideal
C. absolute
D. relative

What does a scientist need to know to figure out the absolute age of a rock?

A. the rate of decays of the rock’s half-life
B. the half-life of a radioactive sample
C. the rate of decay for all elements in the rock
D. the rate of decay for a radioactive element in the rock

What happens during radioactive decay?

A. Radioactive isotopes break down into stable isotopes of other elements.
B. Radioactive isotopes break down into unstable isotopes.
C. Stable isotopes become unstable isotopes.
D. Isotopes become radioactive.

What can animal tracks tell about the animal that left them?

A. what the animal ate
B. its color
C. how big it was
D. its mating habits

What can a scientist learn from studying the relationships between fossils?

A. how science has changed
B. how paleontology has changed
C. how life has changed
D. how the geologic column has changed

What would geologists use to determine the most accurate and precise age of Earth’s oldest rocks?

A. index fossils
B. relative dating
C. the carbon-14 method
D. the uranium-lead method

Which of these is a trace fossil?

A. a mummified plant seed
B. a mosquito trapped in amber
C. a mark left by a dinosaur’s tail
D. a frozen woolly mammoth

What process compares one rock layer with others in a sequence?

A. relative dating
B. radioactive decay
C. radiometric dating
D. absolute dating

What is it called when an area is worn down by water, wind, or other elements?

A. tilting
B. faulting
C. folding
D. erosion

What do scientists know about an undisturbed sequence of rocks?

A. Younger rocks are on top of older rocks.
B. Older rocks are on top of younger rocks.
C. Younger rocks are under older rocks.
D. Older rocks have eroded away.

Where are most fossils preserved?

A. in amber
B. in sedimentary rock
C. in asphalt
D. in ice

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

A. There isn’t enough amber.
B. Most organisms never became fossils.
C. Most organisms have soft body parts.
D. Scientists don’t like to work on it.

As long as a sequence of rock layers is undisturbed, what can scientists know about it for certain?

A. No one has been there before.
B. All of the rocks are the same age.
C. Younger rocks are on top of the sequence.
D. Older rocks are on top of the sequence.

What is the most common type of unconformity?

A. superposition
B. angular nonconformity
C. nonconformity
D. disconformity

Which method is most useful in dating plant and animal remains?

A. carbon-14
B. rubidium-strontium
C. potassium-argon
D. uranium-lead

Which part of an animal is more commonly preserved?

A. the eyes
B. the soft parts
C. the shell or bones
D. the organs

Which of the following can scientists NOT interpret by examining fossils?

A. how Earth’s environment has changed over time
B. how plants and animals have changed over time
C. the age of certain layers of rocks
D. how the pull of gravity has changed

Wegener thought that all the continents were once together in one large continent called

a.Gondwana.
.b.Laurasia.
c.Eurasia
d.Pangaea.

The global positioning system can map the rate of tectonic plate movement using

A. radio waves.
B. lasers.
C. visual markers.
D. motion detectors.

A possible result of plates moving along a transform boundary is

A. sea-floor spreading
B. earthquakes.
C. convection.
D. oceans.

What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?

A. mesosphere
B. lithosphere
C. asthenosphere
D. core

What is the liquid layer of the Earth’s core called?

A. inner core
B. mesosphere
C. outer core
D. lithosphere

In a reverse fault, where does the hanging wall move relative to the footwall?

A. downward
B. stays the same
C. horizontally
D. upward

In a normal fault, where does the hanging wall move relative to the footwall?

A. stays the same
B. upward
C. downward
D. horizontally

What type of boundary is formed when plates separate?

A. divergent
B. horizontal
C. transform
D. convergent

Where does sea-floor spreading take place?

A. convergent boundaries
B. mid-ocean ridges
C. oceanic volcanoes
D. transform boundaries

The core consists mainly of

A. oxygen.
B. magnesium.
C. silicon.
D. iron.

Seismic waves travel through Earth’s layers at different speeds depending on the

A. mass.
B. area.
C. density.
D. shape.

The fact that similar fossils are found on both sides of the ocean is evidence of

a.global positioning.
b.magnetic reversal.
c.continental drift.
d.oceanic drifts.

What do scientists use the global positioning system for?

A. to measure the Earth’s thickness
B. to make images of tectonic plates
C. to measure tectonic plate motion
D. to locate fossils

What is compression?

A. stress breaking an object
B. stress releasing an object
C. stress pulling an object
D. stress squeezing an object

What is the idea that all continents were part of one big landmass?

A. continental theory
B. continental drift
C. oceanic theory
D. oceanic drift

What is it called when Earth’s magnetic poles change places?

A. a strike-slip fault
B. continental drift
C. magnetic reversal
D. sea-floor spreading

Tectonic plates “float” on

A. the lithosphere.
B. the ocean.
C. the asthenosphere.
D. the mantle.

The giant continent which was composed of all the land on Earth was called

A. Gondwana.
B. Laurasia.
C. Pangaea.
D. Panthalassa.

Magnetic reversals are preserved in

A. compass needles.
B. magnetic minerals.
C. continental crust.
D. all minerals.

Continental-oceanic collisions can also be called

A. divergent boundaries.
B. continental-continental collisions.
C. subduction zones.
D. oceanic-oceanic collisions.

Mid-ocean ridges are the most common type of

a.continental-continental collision.
.b.oceanic-oceanic collision.
c.divergent boundary
d.subduction zone.

Changes in density in the asthenosphere are caused by

A. thermal energy.
B. seismic waves.
C. ridge push.
D. slab pull.

The Global Positioning System depends on

A. satellites.
B. the Internet.
C. gravity.
D. visual observations.

The amount of force per unit area on a given material is

A. stress.
B. subsidence.
C. deformation.
D. uplift.

The San Andreas Fault is an example of a

A. strike-slip fault.
B. divergent plate boundary.
C. reverse fault.
D. normal fault.

Most earthquakes happen at the edges of

a.tectonic plates.
b.elastic deformations.
c.earthquake zones.
d.shear waves.

A break in Earth’s crust along which blocks of crust slide relative to one another is

A. an earthquake.
B. a deformation.
C. a fault.
D. a plate.

Which of the following is a type of body wave?

A. surface wave
B. reverse wave
C. transform wave
D. shear wave

What is the best thing to do if you are inside when an earthquake begins?

A. drive away in your car
B. store food and water
C. crouch under a table or desk
D. run outside

When should you return to your home after an earthquake?

A. when the aftershocks begin
B. when you get hungry
C. when someone in authority tells you to
D. as soon as the shaking stops

What kind of deformation leads to earthquakes?

A. shear deformation
B. plastic deformation
C. convergent deformation
D. elastic deformation

The waves of energy from earthquakes that travel through Earth are called

A. seismic waves.
B. transform waves
C. earthquake waves.
D. gap waves.

The strength of an earthquake is determined by the

A. gap hypothesis.
B. type of fault on which it occurs.
C. amount of damage it causes.
D. amount of ground motion.

The intensity of an earthquake is partially determined by the

A. amount of ground motion
B. gap hypothesis.
C. amount of damage it causes.
D. type of fault on which it occurs.

Which of the following is NOT a kind of technology used to construct earthquake-resistant buildings?

A. tectonic plate
B. mass damper
C. cross brace
D. base isolator

During an earthquake, people inside buildings should

A. move to an outside wall.
B. open all windows.
C. get under a strong piece of furniture.
D. stay standing.

Which seismic waves do the greatest damage?

A. S waves
B. surface waves
C. body waves
D. P waves

What is the science in which earthquakes are studied called?

A. tectonics
B. earthquake science
C. seismology
D. wave science

What do seismologists use to determine when an earthquake started?

A. an epicenter
B. a focus
C. an intensity scale
D. a seismogram

What do seismologists use to measure earthquake strength?

A. Richter magnitude scale
B. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
C. S-P Time Scale
D. Earthquake Zone Scale

What is the degree to which people feel an earthquake and how much damage it causes called?

A. richter
B. magnitude
C. intensity
D. frequency

What is the measurement of how likely an area is to have damaging earthquakes called?

A. earthquake frequency
B. gap hypothesis
C. seismic gap
D. earthquake hazard

What should you do if you are indoors when an earthquake strikes?

A. turn on a radio
B. stand near a door
C. lie under a table
D. go outside immediately

Which of the following best describes subduction?

A. movement of tectonic plates away from each other
B. movement of one tectonic plate under another
C. movement of one tectonic plate against another
D. side-by-side movement of two tectonic plates