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Musicians combined elements of _____ into what we now call fusion.
funk, rock, and jazz
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Fusion groups used _____ instruments. such as ____
- electronic
- electric bass and synthesizers
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Fusion groups applied ____.
sound amplification and electronic effects
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Fusion groups also began to "fuse" with _____.
different types of world music (folk music from around the world).
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Fusion Musical characteristics
- Rock/Funk influence
- Electronic instruments/amplification
- Very little use of swing feel
- Both static harmonies and complex, non-traditional harmonies
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1970s technology included ______ which changed the quality of recordings, and the process of recording.
editing, mixing, and mastering
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What was the change in quality recordings, and the process of recording evidenced by?
the ECM and CTI labels
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Electronic insturments and effects improved drastically. _____ sounds as well as amplified sounds.
Synthesized
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What do conservative audiences say about fusion?
- claim that fusion is not jazz, but a branch of progressive rock.
- lack of swing feel and of ties to jazz tradition
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Dates for Fusion?
1970-80
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Others view fusion as an extension of jazz, which _____.
has the capacity to absorb other types of music
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Like early jazz, what did fusion encompass?
many kinds of then-modern music, and featured improvisation (sometimes collective)
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What was Miles Davis's fusion band?
Miles Davis Electric Band
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What initiated the fusion-jazz movement?
Seminal 1969 recording Bitches' Brew
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What did the Miles Davis Electric Band feature?
- mostly electronic instruments
- Electric Bass, electric guitar, electric piano, electronic effects on acoustic instruments
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What did the Miles Davis Electric Band make use of?
recording studio editing techniques
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Davis Elctric Band opened for rock groups such as....
Steve Miller, Santana, and Grateful Dead
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After incorporating electronics, what did Miles Davis begin incorporating?
elements of funk in his music
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What albums did Davis incorporate elements of funk?
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Who played Keyboard in Miles' Electric Band?
Herbie Hancock, Chic Corea, Joe Zawinul
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Who played Electric Guitar in Miles' Electric Band?
- John McLaughlin
- Reggie Lucas
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Who played Bass in Miles' Electric Band?
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Who played Sax in Miles' electric band?
Wayne Shorter, Dave Liebman, Sonny Fortune, Benny Maupin
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The names of the members of the Electric Band represent what?
a cross section of the most important jazz musicians of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Spearheaded by former Davis sideman John McLaughlin and Billy Cbham in 1971, ____ was influenced by DAvis and contemprary rock groups like Jimi Hendrix and The Who.
Mahavishnu Orchestra
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What did Mahavishnu Orchestra feature?
tight ensemble work and rhythmically complex meters instead of the continuous, free flowing jams of the Miles Davis Band
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What was Mahavishnu Orchestra's instrumentation?
Traditional rock group instrumentation: electric guitar, electric bass, keyboards, drums, electric violin (non-traditional)
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Who was Weather Report co-founded by?
keyboardist Joe Zawinul and Saxophonist Wayne Shorter (both Miles Davis Electric Band alums) in 1971
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Weather Report was joined later by Jaco Pastorius, who is considered ____.
the first true virtuoso of the electric bass
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What did Weather Report blend elements of?
collective improv, electronic instruments, world music, jazz, rock, and funk into an extremely eclectic body of work
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What did Joe Zawinul's composition style set the standard for?
harmony beyond the 1960s (neither modal, traditional, nor atonal)
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Weather Report's rhythm section players did not strictly play traditional roles..for ex....
the bass often took over parts of the melody
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Weather Report, distinction between ________ is blurred in a collective improvisation setting.
soloist and accompanist
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Return to Forever was founded by ____.
Keyboardist Chick Corea in 1972
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Who was part of Return to Forever?
- Flora Purim (vocals)
- Stanley Clarke (bass)
- Airto Moreira (drums)
- Joe Farrell (sax, flute)
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Return to Forever initially performed more _______.
jazz/latin American oriented music, the band shifted to more rock oriented music after some personnel changes
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Head Hunters was led by _____ on the Head Hunters album in 1973.
Herbie Hancock
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What was the most successful album of the jazz fusion period?
Head Hunters by Head Hunters
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Head Hunter's music drew from??
more heavily from funk and R&B than from rock or world music
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What did the Head Hunters' studio-oriented albums rely heavily on?
Hancock's layering of keyboard synthesizers and studio techniques
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Head Hunters' popularly sampled in _____.
later hip hop and R&B
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The fusion group the Brecker Brothers Band was founded in 1975 by whom?
Brothers Michael (tenor sax) and Randy Brecker (trumpet)
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Both Brecker brothers were late _____ alums, and session musicians for pop artists such as _____.
- Horace Silver
- Aerosmith, Blood Sweat and Tears, Parliament, Steely Dan, Bruce Springsteen, and many others
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the first outstanding player of the EWI
Michael Brecker
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an electronic wind synthesizer
EWI
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an electronic instrument controlled by breath, usingkeys like a saxophone
synthesizer
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What did the Brecker Brothers Band feature?
up and coming NY musicians, including saxophonist David Sanborn and keyboardist Don Grolnick
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Ornette Coleman began using elctronic instruments in his group ____.
Prime Time
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Despite the presence of electronic instruments, Ornette Coleman's music remained _____.
very similar to his free jazz works of the past
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What does avant-garde mean?
French for vanguard, which is the front-line of a movement
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What is the term "avant-garde" generally applied to?
musicians who are creating new, experimental kinds of jazz in the 1960s, encompassing varying musical styles
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What does the term "free jazz" refer to?
a specific jazz style, in which improvisations are not based on pre-arranged chords
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Free Jazz Musical Characteristics
- Floating Beat
- Soloists free to play melodies/rhythms
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What is floating beat?
tempo/groove not clearly stated
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Ornette Coleman played what?
texas-born alto saxophonist (later played trumpet and violin)
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Despite ______, Coleman stayed the course and developed his unique brand of free jazz throughout his life.
- his early educational setbacks
- lacking accepance from other musicians
- rocky career
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First Jazz musician to win a Pulitzer in 2007
Ornette Coleman
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Coleman's Significant recording...
- Something Else, Change of the Century, Free Jazz
- --All feat. Don Cherry on trumpet
- --no piano
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Ornette Coleman developed an approach to improv that did not rely on ____.
traditional harmony, "freeing" the soloist from the conventions of chords and song forms
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Describe Ornette Coleman's music
Constant tempos, blues influence in his sax sound, use of traditional melody-solo-melody format, traditional instrument roles
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Cecil Tayler played what?
classically trained pianist from NY
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What did Cecil Taylor develop?
alternative style of free jazz, often compared to the twentieth-century classical composers of testural music, such as Penderecki
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Musical Characteristics of Cecil Taylor's music
tone clusters, atonal, percussive approach to piano
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Who was John Coltrane a sideman with?
Miles Davis and Thelonious Monk
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During the late 1950s, John Coltrane established himself as the most_____
technically proficient and harmonically complex tenor saxophonist, with solo recordings like Blue Trane and Giant Steps.
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Into the 1960s, _____ work in modal jazz and free jazz changed the way all musicians played, like Charlie Parker did 2 decades earlier.
John Coltrane
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John Coltrane primary contributions are in what style?
modal jazz
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What did John Coltrane revive?
the soprano sax, which had became nearly obsolete
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Heavily influenced by Eastern philosophies and religions, ____ sought to express the spiritual in his late works.
John Coltrane
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What style of playing did Coltrane have?
"sheets of sound"
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Coltrane's solos border on ____.
the "free" aesthetic
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an active member in the free jazz community, playing on Ornette's Free Jazz, and collaborating with other free jazz saxophonists Albert Ayler, Pharaoh Sanders, and Archie Schepp.
John Coltrane
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_____ are leading figures in applying politics to jazz music. They included some elements of free jazz and elements of previous jazz styles.
Charles Mingus, Sun Ra, and Archie Schepp
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What was Charles Mingus?
Bassist, composer, bandleader, and pianist
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America's 2nd most prolific composer
Charles Mingus
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Who was Charles Mingus heavily influenced by _____.
Duke Ellington
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Where did Charles Mingus draw musical language from?
early jazz, bebop, free jazz, gospel, Mexican folk music, European classical music, poetry, politics...
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What or 2 of Charles Mingus' blantantly political works?
- "Oh Lord, Dont Let them drop that Atomic bomb on me"
- "Fables of Faubs"
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had thoroughly structured music, incorporating sections of organized chaos/free improvisation
Charles Mingus
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Sun Ra is a Chicago based_____.
pianist, keyboardist, composer, and bandleader
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Sun Ra utilized?
large ensembles and unusual instruments
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Sun Ra influenced by?
Big Band era, early electronic music, African chant, Trane
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Modal Jazz date?
1960-1970
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Free Jazz/Avant-Garde dates?
1960-1970
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Smooth Jazz dates?
1980-present
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The jazz audience shrank substantially during the 1980s, leaving a large population of older audiences who preferred the older jazz styles. This led to ____.
the neo-classic jazz movement and musical conservatism
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In the 1980s, musicians continued to incorporate elements of jazz with contemporary music. This led to _____.
the continuing fragmentation of jazz styles, including the popular smooth jazz movement
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What is neo classic jazz a return to?
traditional jazz values
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neo classic jazz focus on:
pre-bop styles: swing, early jazz
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Neo classic jazz used ____instruments
acoustic
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Neo Classic Jazz, the movement is almost single-heandedly spearheaded by ____, one of the most visible jazz musicians alive.
Wynton Marsalis
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Wynton Marsalis is from the Marsalis family of ____.
New Orleans
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what did Wynton Marsalis play?
a great classical trumpeter
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first jazz musician to win a Pulitzer Prize for his large scale work Blood on the Fields
Wyntn Marsalis
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What was Wynton Marsalis a significant supporter of?
jazz education
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Marsalis was fiercely conservative: his views ____.
"post-1965 avant-garde playing to be outside of jazz and 1970s fusion to be barren"
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one of the most influential and visible jazz musicians to date
Marsalis
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How did conservative audiences see Marsalis?
as a godsend, returning jazz to its former glory after years of dilution by fusion
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HOw did liberal audiences see Marsalis?
believe his neo-classic approach has stunted the growth of jazz, in the same way classical music is dominated by music of the past
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Neo-Swing Movement:
Popular culture displayed a large interest in new swing music during the 1990s. Groups imitated the style of popular music from the 1930s and 1940s. Groups included:
- Cherry Poppin' Daddies
- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
- Brian Setzer Orchestra
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A branch of fusion, combining elements of jazz with rock, funk, R&B and pop
Smooth Jazz
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Smooth jazz was commercially lucrative and radio-friendly. Marketable as ____.
inoffensive, easily ignorable background music
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Smooth jazz, instrumental covers of ___.
pop tunes
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Smooth Jazz often criticized by jazz musicians as ____.
musically unsubstantial and un-artistic
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Smooth Jazz Musical Characteristics
- Focus on melody and decoration, rather than improv
- Lacking intensity of other jazz styles
- Lack of intensity and synthesized rhythm sections make it more of a recording art than performance art.
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Instrumentation of Smooth Jazz
saxophones, electric guitars, electric keyboards, synthesized drums
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Considered a founder of the smooth jazz movement
Grover Washington Jr.
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Grover Washington Jr. established a soulful style of playing saxophone, based on _______.
vocal styles of sould and R&B, rather than the complex styles of John Coltrane and Charlie Parker
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Grover Washington Jr. had commercially successful albums such as...
- Mister Magic
- Wnelight
- Just the Two of Us( solo on Bill Withers' album)
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Kenny G. played?
smooth jazz tenor and soprano sax
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Kenny G was a veteran fusion player with keyboardist _____.
Jeff Lorber
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one of the few jazz artists to achieve platinum-record status
kenny g
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Kenny G was highly criticized as _______.
a commercial bastardization of jazz
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Jazz mixed with music of Latin American musics--began with Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo in the 1940s, continued in the Bossa Nova Craze of the 1950s, and has continued to today with artists such as Eddie Palmieri and Arturo Sandoval.
Latin Jazz
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Rock star with jazz status due to traditional ties
Trombone Shorty
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Difficult to place in an existing genres, but highly influential
Pat Metheney and Michael Brecker
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jumping from style to style on concept albums (Coltrane album, Asian folk music album, elements of fusion, etc)
Kenny Garrett
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Drawing from any and all resources, does not fit into any specific category except for the instrumentation of a big band
Carla Bley
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Writing big band music in a symphonic style, often not swinging, utilizing soloistic styles of specific players like Ellington did
Maria Schneider
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