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Which two aspects of psychology have traditional/mainstream social psychologists been concerned with?
Identity and Practices
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Critical social psychologists have been concerned with how sexual identity and practices have been ___.
Constructed
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What are the four mainstream/traditional approaches in which sexuality has been theorised?
- Biological,
- Sociobiological,
- Psychoanalytic,
- Liberal Humanist
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Biological approaches see homosexuality as a biological ___.
Anomoly
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Biological approaches are concerned with gonads (i.e. testes, ovaries), ___ and ___.
- Hormones (Androgyns, Estrogyns, Progestins)
- Brain Function (Pituitary gland, hypothalamus)
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Who recorded some of the first laboratory data on anatomy and physiology of human sexual response?
Masters & Johnson (1966)
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Masters and Johnson (1966) showed the physiological pattern of sexual response in the ____.
Human Sexual Response Cycle
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Who conducted a self-report study with physiological measures of arousal?
Chivers et al (2004)
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Chivers et al's (2004) study found that ___ show category-specific sexual responding while ___ arousal was less specific.
Men, Women's
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How many types of visual stimuli were used in Chivers et al's (2004) study?
Four
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LeVay (1991) looked at 41 participants and found that there were differences in brain structure in the ___ area between homeosexual and hererosexual participants.
Hypothalamic
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Who proposed the gay gene?
Hamer et al (1993)
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Hamer et al (1993) tracked the DNA patterns of 114 individuals and found a link to other gay family members on the ___ side of the family.
Mother's
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Martin et al (2008) argue that ___ can predict homosexuality.
Digit ratio
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Sociobiological approaches say that sexuality is innate and ___ based, and its purpose is ___.
Biologically, Procreation
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Which approach is most closely related to evolution?
Sociobiological
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Psychoanalytic approaches say that sexuality is about innate ___.
Drives/instincts
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Psychoanalytic approaches say that the purpose of sexuality is primarily about ___ and the release of ___.
Pleasure, Sexual tension
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Psychoanalytic approaches say that homosexuality is the product of dysfunctional upbringing, resulting in fixation at ___ or ___ stages of sexual development or failure to resolve the ____.
Oral, Anal, Oedipal complex
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The biological, sociobiological and psychoanalytic approaches are similar in that they say sexuality is biologically based and/or ___.
Socialised
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The biological, sociobiological and psychoanalytic approaches are similar in that they say sexuality is about ___ function.
Biological
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The biological, sociobiological and psychoanalytic approaches are similar in that they say that ____ is given primacy.
Penis-in-vagina
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The biological, sociobiological and psychoanalytic approaches are similar in that they say that ___ is the norm.
Heterosexuality
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The biological, sociobiological and psychoanalytic approaches are similar in that they say that homosexuality is unnatural or pathological, resulting from a ___ anomaly and/or early ___.
Biological, Socialisation
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The Liberal Humanist approach emerged after the ___.
1970's
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Post 1970's, there became more of a focus on sexuality as a ___ preference.
Personal
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Post 1970's there is a view that sexuality is a small aspect of the ___.
Whole self
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The Liberal Humanist approach sees ___ sexual acts between consenting adults as normal, natural and healthy.
All
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Kinsey et al (1948) saw ___ as the norm.
Bisexuality
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Kinsey et al (1948) conducted structured interviews and found that many people had experienced ____ attractions (or conducted behaviours).
Same-sex
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What was the name of the continuum f sexuality proposed by Kinsey et al (1948)?
The Kinsey Scale
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What measure of sexuality was invented in 1978 to be able to position somebody on the Kinsey scale?
The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid (Klein, 1978)
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What did Hooker (1957) use to show a personal bias in gay men who had been labelled as having mental health problems?
Rorschach profiles - no significant difference between gay and straight men so no evidence of a psychological connection.
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What emerged in the 1980's following the downgrading of the DSM category 'Homosexuality' in 1973?
Gay-affirmative psychology
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Gay-affirmative psychology aims to counter ___ and ___ against people who are not conventionally heterosexual.
Prejudice, Discrimination
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One criticism of the liberal humanist approach is that assumes ___ and that these are equally available and feasible.
Free choice
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One criticism of the liberal humanist approach is that it ignores the way in which ___ impact on sexuality.
Wider social factors
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Critical social psychological perspectives say that sexuality is socially and culturally ___ as a form of social control over people's behaviour.
Constructed
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Critical social psychological perspectives say that psychology intentionally constructs men's and women's sexuality in different ways to maintain ____.
Social inequalities
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Which critical social psychologist coined the term, 'compulsory heterosexuality'?
Rich (1980)
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What term refers to the way in which heterosexuality is promoted and or coercively enforced?
Compulsory heterosexuality
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In which three ways did Rich (1980) believe heterosexuality is promoted or coercively enforced?
- Romatic ideologies
- Physical force (e.g. rape)
- Censorship of alternative sexual arrangements (don't make visible so people won't be converted)
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What did Hyde and Oliver (1995) propose?
The heterosexual script
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The heterosexual script suggests that ___ available sexual scripts define what counts as sex and how to behave in relational/sexual encounters.
Culturally
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What are the three well-known discourses for sexual subjects?
- The 'male sex drive' discourse
- The 'have/hold' discourse
- The 'permissive'discourse
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Which discourse suggests that men are driven to and have a need for sex?
The 'male sex drive' discourse
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Which discourse promotes monogamy, fmaily life and partnership?
The 'have/hold' discourse
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What discouse did Fine (1988) say was missing from teaching?
Desire
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Sexual identities are regulated through the ___ used to talk about them.
Language
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