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Endorphins:
decrease pain sensations
-
In the gate control theory of pain
stimulation of large A fibers "close the gates"
-
Whcih is not a neuromodulator of pain:
heparin
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Interleukin - 1:
- raises the hypothalmic set point
- is an endogenous pyrogen
- is stimulated by exogenous pyrogens
-
Increased serum levels of epinephrine increase body temperature by
increasing heat production
-
In heat stroke
core temperatures increases as the regulatory center fails
-
Which is involved in fever
- tumor necrosis factor
- endotoxins
- elevation of the set point in the hypothalamus
-
In hypothermia
acidosis can develop
-
Although non-REM and REM sleep are defined by electrical recordings, they are charaterized by physiologic events. Which does not occur?
During non-REM, levels of coritcosteriods increase
-
Meniere disease:
disrupts both vestibular and hearing functions
-
Acute otitis media :
displays a tympanic membrane progressing from erythema to opaqueness with bulging
-
Age-related macular degeneration:
exhibits retinal detachment and loss of photoreceptors
-
Vesitibular nystagmus:
is the contant,involuntary movement of the eyeball caused by ear distrubances
-
Sleep apnea:
- is lack of breathing during sleep
- can result from airway obsturction during sleep
-
Individiauls affected by sleep apnea may experience
- polycythemia
- cyanosis
- pulmonary hypertension
-
What is Pain:
is is a complex phenomenon composed of sensory exeriences and emotion and cognition ad motivations
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What are the portions of the nervous system responsible for the sensation and perception of pain?
- 1. Afferent Pathways
- 2. The Central Nervous System
- 3. Efferent Pathways
-
What composes of the Afferent Pathways:
Alpha and C -fibers, dorsal horn of the spinal column, and the afferent neurons in the spinothalamic tract
-
Efferent Pathways compose of :
they are from the ventromedial thalamus and periaqueductal gray are responsible for modulation or inhibition of affferent pain signals.
-
Specific Theory of Pain:
Intensity of pain is directly related to teh degree of associated tissue injury
-
The Neuromatrix theory of pain:
proposes that chronic pain is related to multidimensional inputs triggered from the perihery or originating indepently within the brain
-
What are Modulators?
- Substances that stimulate pain recpetors (SUBSTANCE P)
- substances that suppress pain (norepinephrine or epinephrine)
-
What are the different types of acute pain?
- 1. Somatic (superficial)
- 2. Visceral (internal)
- 3. Referred (present in area distant from origin)
-
Define Chronic Pain:
is peristent pain lasting at least 3to 6 months and may be related to inflammation or injury to the nervous system or chronic inflammation.
-
Temperature regulations:
is achieved through precise balancing of heat production, heat conservation and heat loss.
-
Hypethermia:
- can produce nerve damage, coagulation of cell protiens, and death.
- Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps
-
Hypothermia
increases the viscosity of the blood, slows blood flow through microcirrculation, fascilitates blood coagulation, stimulates profound vasoconstriction.
-
REM versus non-REM sleep:
REM sleep is controlled by mechanisms in the pons and mesencephalon. Non-REM accounts for mos tof the sleep time and is controlled by relase of inhinitory signals of the hypothalamus.
-
What happens in non-REM sleep?
- resorative
- reparative
- growth processes
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