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Usually are accompanied by water imbalances
Sodium imbalances
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Most abdundant cation in ECF
Sodium
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THis is common in acute care settings and is when the serum is <135 mEq/L, results in low serum osmolality
Hyponatremia
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Low levels of sodium
<135 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
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High levels of Sodium
>145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
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What usually protects against hypernatremia?
thirst mechanism
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The following clinical maifestations are for what?
-lethargy, confusion, apprehension
-muscle twitching
-abdominal cramping
- anorexia, nausea, vomiting
-Headache
-seizures, coma
Hyponatremia
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The following clinical manifestations are for what?
-thirst
-Dry, sticky mucous membranes
-Tongue red, dry, and swollen
-Weakness
Hypernatremia
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The following Clinical Manifestations are for what?
-Muscle weakness, leg cramps
-fatigue, lethargy
-Anorexia, N&V
-Decreased bowel sounds, decreased bowel motility
-cardiac dysrythmias
-depressed deep-tendon reflexes
-weak, irregular pulses
Hypokalemia
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THe following are clinical manifestations of what?
-GI hyperactivity, diarrhea
-irritability, apathy, confusion
-cardiac dysrythmias or arrest
-muscle weakness, aflexia
-decreased heart rate
-irregular pulse
-paresthesias and numbness in extremities
hyperkalemia
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The following clinical manifestations are of what?
- Numbness, tingling of the extremities and around the mouth
-Muscle tremors, cramos; if severe can progress to tetany and convulsions
-cardiac dysrhythmias; decreased cardiac output
-Positive trousseau's and chvostek's signs
-confusion, anxiety, possible psychoses
-hyperactive deep-tendon reflexes
hypocalcemia
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The following Clinical manifestations are for what?
-lethargy, weakness
-depressed deep-tendon reflexes
-bone pain
-anorexia, N&V
-Constipation
-Polyuria, hypercalciuria
-flank pain secondary to urinary calculi
-dysrhythmias, possible heart block
Hypercalcemia
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The following are al clinical manafestations of what?
-Neuro muscular irritablilty with tremors
-increased reflexes, tremors, convulsions
-positive chvostek's and trousseua's signs
-tachycardia, elevated BP, dysrhythmias
-disorientation and confusion
-anorexia, dysphagia
-respiratory difficulties
Hypomagnesemia
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THe following clinical manifestations are for what?
-peripheral vasodilation, flushing
-N&V
-Muscle weakness, paralysis
-hypotension bradycardia
-lethargy, drowsiness
-respiratory depression, coma
-respiratory and cardiac arrestif severe
hypermagnesemia
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