Tablets

Solid Dosage forms prepared by compression or molding of powdered/granulatied drugs and with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients

• Most Frequently prescribed commerical dosage form
• Stable, elegant, and effective
• Convenient for handling, indentification and administration
• Commercially available only in fixed dosage strengths
• Many formats, sizes, colors, shapes, scoring, engraving

By the die and punch used, by the amount of fill and mount of pressure applied to the fill

• Compressed
• Multiple Compressed
• Sugar-coated tablets
• Film-coated tablets
• Gelatin-coated (caplets)
• Enteric Coated
• Buccal
• Sublingual
• Chewable
• Lozenges, Troches, Drops or Pastilles
• Lollipops
• Effervescent
• Molded
• Triturates
• Rapid Dissolving
• Extended Release
• Vaginal

• Single compression of all ingedients
• Simple tablets

• For separation of incompatible drugs or for modified release
• Multiple-layered tablets: multiple feed and multiple compression of fill within a single die
• Tablet-within-a-tablet: core tablet is placed precisely within the die for compression with surrounding fill

• Several Layers of colored or uncolored sugar solutions (sucrose, gelatin, acacia or PVP)
• Time and expertise
• Final table: increase up to 50% of size and weight of uncoated tablet
• Imprinting (FDA 1995) product specific identification codes and distinctive symbols
• Polishing: cloth of canvas impregnated with carnauba wax/beeswax or spraying with wax dissolved in acetone
• Final tumbling with talc for high luster

• Thin layer of aqueous or non-aqueous polymer solution (plastic-like material): cellulose acetate phthalate; cellulose ether polymers
• Protection, Color, Durability, less bulkiness, less time consuming

Capsule-shaped compressed tablet coated with gelatin

• Protection of drug, patient gastric mucosa, or enhance absorption
• Based on transit time required for the passage of the dosage form from the stomach into the intestines or based upon the pH of environment
• Delayed-release features
• Whole tablet or drug particles or granules: single or multiple layers
• Materials: shellac, phthalate derivatives

Placed in the cheek pouch, dissolved slowly, absorption through the oral mucosa

Placed under the tongue, prompt dissolution, absorption throughout the oral mucosa

Chewed/dissolved in the mouth; made with creamy base, negative heat of solution leaves cool mouth feeling upon dissolution; flavored and colored; children and adults who have difficulty swallowing

• mannitol
• sorbitol
• xylitol

• Hard candy-like (sugar or sugar-free) or gummy-like (gelatin-based)
• Dissolved or disintegrate slowly in the oral cavity
• High degree of compression
• Heat stable active ingredients
• Local effects

Sugar-based lozenge on a stick (or sugarfree!)

• Used to relieve breakthrough chronic cancer pain
• Lollipops

Cpmpression of effervescent salts that liberate carbon dioxide when dissolved in water, should NOT be swallowed whole

Molding and soft compaction: hand operated tablet press

"Old Fashion" tablets containing small amounts of potent drugs and prepared with minimal compression to allow ease of crushing for compounding or rapid dissolution

• Superdisintegrants
• Dissolution within 15-30 seconds and swallowing of the liquid
• Very water soluble excipients that attract water into the tablet
• children and elderly
• inherent problems, drug loading, taste masking, firability

lyophilization (foaming of a mixture of gelatin, sugars, drugs, etc and pouring into a mold)

Compression (super-disintegrants + small quantity of effervescent material)

release of medication in a predetermined manner over an extended period

• Uncoated
• Vullet-shaped or ovoid
• Plastic/carboard inserter devices for admin.
• Local effects

• Wet Granulation
• All-in-One Granulation
• Dry Granulation
• Direct Compression
• Molding

• remove loose powders
• elegance
• prior to coating

• Weighing and blending of powdered ingredients (drugs + fillers + disintegrating agents + others)
• Sifting of powders to eliminate clumps
• Mixing with liquid binders or adhesive mixture
• Damp mass
• pass through screen (6-8 mesh size)
• Dry themostatically controlled oven
• Sizing (12-20 mesh)
• Blending (granules + dry lubricants)
• Compression (tablet machine)

• Single punch tablet press
• rotary tablet machine with multiple punches

• Sophisticated Machinery
• Granulation prepared by Fluid=bed process or Microwave vacumm process

• For materials that are degraded in presence of moisture or high heat
• Weighting and blending of powdered incredients: cohesive properties
• Binding agents
• powders compressed in slugging maching or roller compactor
• flat slugs or pellets
• slgs crushed and sized
• granuels and dry lubricant
• compression in tableting machine

Mg/Ca/Zn Stearate/talc

• Excipients have free-flowing and cohesive properties
• Potasium chloride, Methenamine, Dibasic calcium phosphate

• Focing of a dampened mass into the cavities of a tablet mold (plastic or metal)
• Mold consists of two plates, one with a hole and the other with a peg

• Sugar
• Film
• Enteric

• For protection of drug from air and humidity
• To protect gastruc mucosa of irritating drugs
• to mask taste
• For special release of drug (enteric coated)
• To provide aesthetics and distinction to a product (color, imprinting of manufacturer's symbol or information

• Weight
• Content Uniformity
• Hardness, Breaking Strengh, Friabilty
• Thickness
• Disintegration
• Dissolution

• Determined by the quantity of fill in the die of press
• Weight Variation for dosage form uniformity
• Assay for homogeneous drug distribution

active ingredient +/- 10%

• Measurement of pressure/force to break each tablet
• Dpendons on type of tablet and degree of compression used during manufacture

• Measures the tendency of a tablet to crumle (rotaing tumbling conbtainer)
• Teablets are weighed before and after rotations and weight loss is determined (maximum loss allowed is 1%)

• Caliper, hang gauge or automated equipment
• Depends on:
• Diameter of the die
• Amount of fill
• Compaction characterists of fill
• Pressure applied

Time required for a tablet to disintegrate

appartus contiang water (30 min 37 C) or simulated gastric fluid 1 hr

simulated gastric fluid (1 hr) and intestingal fluid at 37 C

• In vitro testing
• Product development
• quality assurance during manufacturing
• Bioequivalence from batch to batch: scale-up batches
• Mandatory for approval of marketing: FDA and regulatory agencies of other countires
• Influences the absorption and bioavailabilty

• Contianers: Bottles, blister
• Light-resistant
• Desicant packet and cotton ball
• Types of container, reduced potency of volatile drugs

Glass container and no packing materials in contact with tabs