HIST 1302

Before he became president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson’s major political experience was in

During World War I, the situation of American workers

American involvement in World War I helped to ensure the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, which

After the United States entered World War I, suffragists increased popular support for their cause by

President Wilson’s 1918 “Fourteen Points” speech was intended to offer a blueprint for

President Wilson believed that the Fourteen Points would shape the 1919 peace negotiations in Paris because

At the 1919 peace negotiations in Paris, the major Allied leaders felt that President Wilson was

Democratic equality sustained a blow when the 1919 Paris peace conference refused to accept Japan’s

The postwar economy of the United States suffered because

After World War I ended, American businesses responded to their workers by

In November 1919, residents of the town of Centralia, Washington, responded to the Red scare by

resident Wilson and his secretary of state, William Jennings Bryan, believed that the purpose of foreign policy was to

The Supreme Court's 1919 decision in the Schenck v. United States case established a "clear and present danger" test that

By the early twentieth century, European diplomats had developed a complex system of alliances that was aimed at maintaining a balance of power on the continent

The sequence of events that led to the outbreak of World War I began on June 28, 1914, when

The Military Draft Act of 1917 took the unusual step of

At the time the United States entered World War I in 1917, the conflict in Europe hadurned into a stalemate.

After a major German offensive in March 1918 on French ports on the Atlantic, General John Pershing

The country that suffered the greatest loss of life as a result of World War I was

To progressives, the American involvement in World War I seemed like an opportunity because it

The scandals that plagued President Harding’s administration

In the eyes of rural dwellers of the 1920s, cities were

By 1924, congressional laws that imposed immigration quotas

The revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

Herbert Hoover’s performance as head of the Food Administration under President Wilson helped fuel expectations that he would be

Herbert Hoover’s belief in the principles of self–reliance, industrial self–management, and limited federal government

American trade policies of the 1920s led to

In America in the 1920s, a serious problem in domestic consumption was created by

During the 1930s, Los Angeles County responded to the growing presence of Mexicans by

During the Great Depression, white women who worked in service–sector industries

President Coolidge’s policy toward big business was to

Movies during the early 1930s were required to

The Five–Power Naval Treaty that emerged from the Washington Disarmament Conference earned President Harding acclaim for

By the 1920s, the growing use of scientific management techniques in manufacturing had resulted in

During the Great Depression, the most acute poverty existed in

The unintended consequences of prohibition included

By the late 1920s, women who were interested in progressive reform

Women who worked outside of the home in the 1920s

Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to encourage African Americans to

During the 1920s, the rural areas of the United States

The instruction that Franklin Roosevelt received at home and at school while growing up in Hyde Park, New York, instilled in him a belief that

The American Liberty League’s well–financed publicity campaign

The failure of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) demonstrated that

The Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA) fared better than the NRA because

More than just a “pick–and–shovel” work relief program, the Works Progress Administration also

The new left–wing militancy of labor unions drew

The United Auto Workers (UAW) succeeded in unionizing workers at General Motors in 1937 following

Economic conservatives and the Republican Party opposed Social Security because

During the election campaign of 1936, conservative leaders believed

President Roosevelt wanted to change the composition of the Supreme Court because

The United States Congress’s oldest members responded to President Roosevelt’s court–packing plan with

As a result of his therapy treatments for polio in Warm Springs, Georgia, Roosevelt

Factors that began to work against the expansion of New Deal programs included

During Roosevelt’s term as governor of New York, he intervened in the economy on behalf of the needy and angered conservatives who

In 1932, supporters of the Democratic Party

The watchwords of President Roosevelt and his New Deal advisers were

The Emergency Banking Act programs and the Glass–Steagall Banking Act followed a philosophy of

Franklin Roosevelt’s “fireside chats,” which quickly became a fixture of his administration,

The Securities and Exchange Commission tried to reform the stock market by

Business leaders continued to criticize the New Deal even as their economic situation improved, because they

During the presidential campaign of 1932, President Roosevelt shielded himself from accusations that he was a proponent of internationalism by

Women who joined the military during World War II

During the war, the top U.S. military leaders strove to keep African Americans relegated to performing menial tasks

The War Production Board

After the conquest of the oil–rich Dutch East Indies in 1942, Japan aimed its sights on

American military officials hoped that they could reverse the Japanese advance in the Pacific by undertaking a counteroffensive in the spring of 1942

As in World War I, the Germans attempted to starve the British into surrendering by

In 1942, the biggest question facing the Allies regarding the fight against the Nazis was when to

The wartime economy created new opportunities for women as

The war overseas had a strong impact on the domestic U.S. economy,

During the 1940s, African Americans became a predominantly

Roosevelt’s cooling of support for the League of Nations was followed by

African Americans’ migration to defense jobs brought them both economic progress and

The invasion of France, called D Day, took place on June 6, 1944, at

In late 1944, as Allied and Soviet forces closed in on Germany, Adolf Hitler ordered a counterattack to capture a crucial supply port, resulting in the

At Yalta, a seriously ill Franklin Roosevelt felt that he had gotten what he wanted from Joseph Stalin when the Russian leader agreed to

At Yalta, the “Big Three” agreed on the creation of a new international organization to respond to world political and military issues, to be called the

President Roosevelt’s good neighbor policy suggested a shift from previous administrations that had

The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 gave the president the power to

In September 1938, Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister, offered Adolf Hitler terms of “appeasement,” which included the stipulation that Hitler

The Maginot Line failed to stop Germany’s invasion of France because

Although undermanned and outgunned, the Royal Air Force handed Hitler his first defeat when they won the

A few months after Germany’s invasion of Poland, Congress finally consented to President Roosevelt’s wishes and revised America’s neutrality legislation to allow a cash–and–carry policy for the purchase of

In 1942, President Roosevelt issued an executive order that all Americans of Japanese descent be rounded up and

America’s post–World War II foreign policy was shaped in part by a belief that the war might have been avoided if Britain and France had

With the help of the Chinese, the North Koreans drove the UN forces back into South Korea and recaptured

President Truman used the Korean conflict to justify

By 1953, U.S. defense spending had risen to $50 billion, representing

Joseph Stalin felt that U.S. officials’ insistence that he permit democratic elections in Eastern Europe was

The European Recovery Program approved by Congress in March 1948 did all of the following except

When Jews in Palestine declared the independent state of Israel in May 1948, President Truman

With regard to postwar economic problems, most Americans placed the blame for rising prices and shortages of consumer goods on

The federal government made a landmark commitment to address the housing needs of the poor with congressional approval of the

Republicans during the postwar period tried to undermine New Deal programs and Democrats in general by

Most of the people hunted down during the post–World War II Red scare had

The United States took advantage of the Soviet Union’s absence from the UN Security Council in June 1950 to

President Eisenhower, the first Republican to occupy the White House since the New Deal,

Among the losers during the agricultural transformations of the 1950s were

In 1957, union membership as a percentage of the total labor force peaked at

William J. Levitt helped make the suburbs accessible to families with modest incomes by

By 1960, the American middle class

The acquisition of consumer goods by Americans in the 1950s was stimulated in part by

Betty Friedan's 1963 book The Feminine Mystique argued that society's idealization of the roles of wife and mother had

The American birthrate, which was in decline throughout much of the first half of the twentieth century, reached a peak in 1957 in the midst of a surge that lasted from

In the South, the civil rights movement benefited from African Americans’ control of

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) reached its crowning achievement when

In the first federal military intervention in the South since Reconstruction, President Eisenhower

Although he deplored Joseph McCarthy’s aggressive anti–Communist methods, President Eisenhower

Although African Americans had boycotted segregated bus systems before, the first sustained protest to draw national attention occurred in

Although liberals ridiculed Dwight Eisenhower’s conservatism by calling him President “Eisen–hoover,” his administration

President Eisenhower helped to foster large tax cuts that

President Eisenhower's embrace of a U.S. defense strategy that relied on nuclear weapons and airpower was tied into all of the following factors except

During the cold war, Americans realized that nuclear weapons were useless in liberating the countries behind the iron curtain from Communist influence because

President Eisenhower applied the domino theory to

The United States, which did not sign the 1954 Geneva accords that temporarily partitioned Vietnam while mandating future elections for a unified Vietnamese government,

The productivity of postwar American agriculture significantly increased because

President Eisenhower, the first Republican to occupy the White House since the New Deal,

Among the losers during the agricultural transformations of the 1950s were

In 1957, union membership as a percentage of the total labor force peaked at

William J. Levitt helped make the suburbs accessible to families with modest incomes by

By 1960, the American middle class

The acquisition of consumer goods by Americans in the 1950s was stimulated in part by

Betty Friedan's 1963 book The Feminine Mystique argued that society's idealization of the roles of wife and mother had

The American birthrate, which was in decline throughout much of the first half of the twentieth century, reached a peak in 1957 in the midst of a surge that lasted from

In the South, the civil rights movement benefited from African Americans’ control of

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) reached its crowning achievement when

In the first federal military intervention in the South since Reconstruction, President Eisenhower

Although he deplored Joseph McCarthy’s aggressive anti–Communist methods, President Eisenhower

Although African Americans had boycotted segregated bus systems before, the first sustained protest to draw national attention occurred in

Although liberals ridiculed Dwight Eisenhower’s conservatism by calling him President “Eisen–hoover,” his administration

President Eisenhower helped to foster large tax cuts that

President Eisenhower's embrace of a U.S. defense strategy that relied on nuclear weapons and airpower was tied into all of the following factors except

During the cold war, Americans realized that nuclear weapons were useless in liberating the countries behind the iron curtain from Communist influence because

President Eisenhower applied the domino theory to

The United States, which did not sign the 1954 Geneva accords that temporarily partitioned Vietnam while mandating future elections for a unified Vietnamese government,

The productivity of postwar American agriculture significantly increased because

John F. Kennedy’s triumphs in a series of state primaries were attributable to his handsome appearance, dynamic style, and

To teach the history and values of Indian culture, the American Indian Movement (AIM) established

Unlike Cesar Chavez, with whom she cofounded the United Farm Workers, Dolores Huerta was brought up

Chicano activists founded their own political party in Texas in 1970 and called it

African American feminists believed that the National Organization for Women and other leading women’s rights groups

The countermovement against feminists and their campaign for women’s rights was led by

In the landmark 1973 case Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

During his campaign for the presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon described the Great Society as a

The Nixon administration either promoted or accepted important elements of the liberal reform agenda because

In 1971, Richard Nixon combated inflation and unemployment by

In 1963, President Kennedy attempted to stimulate the economy by

Richard Nixon responded to Native Americans’ demands for justice with

After Kennedy’s assassination, debate continued over how to assess his domestic record, which included initiatives

Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency with

Massive direct action for civil rights began in February 1960, when four African American students in Greensboro, North Carolina,

Although some communities met the demands of student activists, authorities and local citizens typically

In 1963, a campaign to integrate public facilities and open jobs to blacks in Birmingham, Alabama, was led by

In August 1963, a quarter of a million Americans participated in the largest civil rights demonstration of the era, which took place in

In 1969, Native American militants in California drew international attention by seizing

In regard to combating communism, President Kennedy and the Democratic leadership complained that the Eisenhower era had been one of “drift and impotency,” denying the nation a

By 1968, antiwar sentiment in the United States had

Men who opposed the Vietnam War on moral or religious grounds were

The critical turning point in the Vietnam War came for President Johnson with the

President Nixon’s dramatic overtures to the Soviet Union and China

In 1972, the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) produced an agreement that reduced the likelihood of either the Soviet Union or the United States launching a nuclear first strike by limiting the development of

After Nixon left the White House, the policy of détente

When Chileans elected Salvador Allende, a self–styled Marxist, to be their president in 1970, the Nixon administration responded by

President Kennedy was able to add $3.2 billion to the defense budget and 300,000 troops to the military thanks in part to the

President Kennedy launched a dramatic third world initiative in 1961 when he created the

President Kennedy’s concern over Communist expansion prompted him to

President Johnson’s early policies in Vietnam were

President Johnson’s portrayal of the Gulf of Tonkin incident was

Although some of his advisers suggested that expanding the war in Vietnam in 1964 was a bad idea, Johnson did so in part because

The U.S. strategy of gradually intensified bombing of North Vietnam was called

The first major protest against the war in Vietnam was organized by Students for a Democratic Society in