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The process of moving air in and out of the lungs
ventilation
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What is the main function of the lungs?
to supply O2 to the body and remove CO2.
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Inadequate ventilation or increased work of breathing can result from?
Disease or unhealthy lung
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Normal ventilation is a cyclical activity of ?
inspiration and expirattion phases.
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During normal ventilation the ______ removes CO2 and supplies O2 to meet the metabolic needs.
Tidal Vomlume (Vt)
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The reserve to meet increased ventilatory demands, such as from exercise comes from?
insiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume.
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IRV
inspiratory reserve volume
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ERV
expiratory reserve volume
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Comprise the vital capacity
IRV and ERV
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Ventilation can be related to the following equation of motion for the Resp. Sys.
Pressure= (Volume/Compliance)+(resistance x Flow)
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= Force generated by the respiratory muscles during inspiration
Pressure
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= Volume change (VT)
Volume
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= Distensibility of the lungs and thorax
Compliance
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= Airflow and tissure resistance
Resistance
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= Volume change per unit of time
Flow
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Compliance and resistance of the lungs and thorax make up the work load of?
ventilation
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In healthy lungs, this work is performed during?
Inspiration
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Ventilation occurs because of pressure gradients created by?
expansion and contraction of the thorax
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Pressures are usually measure in?
cm H2O
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1 atm in cm H2O
1034 cmH2O
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A possitive pressure is?
greater than atm.
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negative pressure is?
less than 1atm
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difference between two pressures is called?
pressure gradient
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Important pressure gradients
Transrespiratory, transpulmonary, and transthoracic
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this gradient pressure causes gas flow in and out of the lungs
transrepiratory pressure
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Prs
Transrepiratory pressure
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Formula of Prs
Prs=Palv-Pao(Pbs)
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Is the difference between alveoli pressure and pleural pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
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(Ptp or PL
transpulmonary
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Equation for transpulmonary pressure
Ptp=Palv-Ppl
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PL keeps what open
Alveoli
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Difference between pleural pressure and body surface pressure. Represents total pressure required to expand or contract the lungs and chest wall together
Transthoracic pressure
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Pw the pressure across the chest wall
Transthoracic pressure
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Pbs
Body surface pressure
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Formula for transthoracic pressure
Ptt=Ppl-Pbs
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Distention of the lungs are needed for?
Ventilation
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These are the forces opposing lung inflation.
Elastic and frictional forces
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oppsing forces that involve the tissues of lungs and thorax, and surface tension in the alveoli
elastic forces
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resistance caused by gas flow and tissue movement during breathing. An opposing force on inflation of the lungs
Frictional forces
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What are the four lung volumes
Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
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Four lung capacities
Inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity.
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the volume of gas that is inhaled or exhaled from the lungs during quiet breathing. ~500mls
Tidal Volume
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The maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled following a normal quiet breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume ~ 3100mls
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the amount of gas that can be exhaled from the lungs following normal quiet exhalation ~1200mls
Expiratory reserve volume
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The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a complete exhalation ~1200mls
Residual volume
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The maximum amount of gas that can be inhaled following a normal quiet exhalation. Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. ~3600mls
inspiratory capacity
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the maximum amount of gas that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation of gas. Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume. ~4800mls
vital capacity
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the amount of gas left in the lungs following a normal quiet exhalation. Sum of residual volume and expiratory volume. ~2400mls
Functional residual capacity
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the maximum volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximum inhalation. sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume
total lung capacity
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