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levels of structural organization of the human body
chemical, molecular, cellular, tisssue, organ, organ system, organism
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abdominal region
around belly button area
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abdominopelvic cavity
- a subdivision of ventral body cavity
- separated from the thoracic cavity by the muscular diaphram
- separated from pelvis by the bony pelvis
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tip of back of shoulder seen posterior
acromial region
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six important life processes of being alive
metabolism, reproduction, responsiveness(irritability), movement, growth, differentiation,
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metabolism
- sum of all chemical processes of the body
- broken down into catabilism and anabolism
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catabolism
breaking down processes that provide energy
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anabolism
building up processes that require energy and raw materials to build and maintain the bodys structural and functional components
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anatomical position
upright, face up, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms and eyes forward, mouth closed
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anatomy
- to cut up/ dissect
- the study of structures and the relationships between structures
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physiology
- functions of body parts
- physis-nature
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ability to detect and respond to changes in environment(inter/exter)
- responsiveness/ excitability/ irritability
- nervous and endocrine systems detect changes and muscles and glands respond to input for nerv/endo to counteract changes
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motion of the whole body, organs, tissues, or even organelles within cells
movement
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growth
- increase in size and complexity
- -increa in # of cells or extracellular matrix between cells, pushing them farther apart
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differentiation
develops from an unspecialized stage to more specialized one
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formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or production of a new individual
reproduction!
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forearm
antebrachial region
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anterior(ventral)
towards the front
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upper arm
brachial region
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Buccal region
facial/ CHEEK
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calcaneal region
the heel of foot
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cephalic region
cranial, head region
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coxal region
anterior side of HIP
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CRURAL
anter and post lower LEG or calf/shin
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cubital
post and ant of elbow
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-plane
-section
- -immaginary flat surface that passes through body
- -two demensional surface resulting from a cut
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major planes of the body
sagital, frontal(coronal), transverse(horizontal/cross), oblique
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cuts the body into right and left sections
sagital
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divdes body into superior and inferior
transverse
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Two body cavities?
dorsal and ventral
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dorsal body cavity
contains cranial cavity and vertebral
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thoracic cavity, mediastinum, abdominopelvic
subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
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mediastinum
- middle of chest(thorax):
- anterior
- middle(pericardial)
- posterior
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lies between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. This cavity is filled with pericardial fluid
pericardial cavity
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pleural cavities
- in the ventral cavity in thoracic cavity
- lungs
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a condition in which bodys internal environment remains within certain physiological limits
- homeostasis
- 1.optimum gasses/ions/nutrients/water
- 2.optimum temp
- 3. opt pressure
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extracellular fluid
- fluid outside of cells
- interstitial and plasma
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interstitial fluid
- intercellular or tissue fluif fills the narrow spaces between the cells
- the internal environment cuz services the intracellular fluid
- constantly exchanging with plasma and provides optimum conditions
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intracellular fluid
fluid within cells.2/3 body water of cytoplasm
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a cycle of events in which a status of a condition is monitored and information regarding the condition is fed back to a central control reigion
Control center, receptor, effector
Feedback system
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response of body reverses orginal stimulas
output decreases input
negative feedback
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response of body enhances oringinal stimulas, less frequent
usually bad except for
childbirth, blood clots
output increases input
pos feedback
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The region of the abdominopelvic cavity that is superior and lateral to the umbilical region is
LEFT hypochondriac region
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the mediastinum separates
one pleural cavity from another
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filtration
materials move passively down a hydrostatic or mechanical pressure gradient
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contain enzymes that destroy material engulfed by phagocytes are
lysosomes
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an integral protein that binds to a specific ligand creating a cell response is a
receptor
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solutes move down a concentration gradient in
facilitated diffusion
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simple squamous epithilium aids in
filtration or diffusion
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hyaline cartilage is found in embryoskeleton, trachea, bronch tubes, nose, but not
intervertebral discs
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Primary tissue types
- muscle, nerve, connective, epithilial
- not bone!
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much of the upper respiratory tract is lined with
ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithilium
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SEROUS MEMBRANES
- have parietal and visceral portions(layers)
- line body cavities that dont open to exterior and cover external surfaces of the viscera
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tissue has many fine collagen fibers not visible and lacunae with chondrocytes
Hyaline cartilage
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hypodermis
mostly adipose cells that store energy in fat
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The role of keratinocytes is to
accumulate melanin granules in their superficial regions forming a protective barrier for DNA
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a bone would be unable to repair itsself if it lacked
periosteum
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the bony matrix is dissolved to release stored minerals
osteolysis
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basic functional unit of compact bone is
OSTEON
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merocrine(eccrine) glands are not altered by the secretory process
mode of secretion of exocrine glands
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endothelium is a simp squamous lining
blood vessels
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the dermis is composed of what kind of fibers? 2
elastin and collagen
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sequence of development of bone forming cells
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- differentiate into osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes
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periosteum inner layer consists of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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normal bone formtaion depend on diet intake of
calcium, phosphate and Vit D
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the posterior aspect of the knee
popliteal region
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mucous secreting cells found in many epithelia
Goblet cells
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tissue forms the internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen
reticular
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arrector pili
used to raise and lower hair
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hormone is active form of Vit D that works in concert with pth to promote bone homeostasis
calcitriol
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calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as mineral called
hydroxyapatite
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Diference b/w receptors and pumps
- Receptors are integral proteins that
- bind specifically to some molecule (ligand)
- Pumps are integral proteins that use ATP to actively move some molecule across the
- cell membrane.
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what functional characteristic does the organic osteoid tissue impart to a bone?
flexibility
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six functions of bone tissue?
protection, support, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, storage of engery
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two end bones of long bones together called an
covered in articular caritlage
sitting over top of shaft
epiphysis
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metaphysis
- of long bone where region of mature bones where diaphysis meets epiphysis
- how long bones form
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covers the epiphysis at a joint
thin layer of hyaline cartliage
withstand pressure
articular cartilage
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epiphyseal plate
- in growing bone, a plate formed of hyaline cartilage
- plate grows giving length to bone
- bone growth exceeds cartilage growth at puberty and plate is slowly lost
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contains either red or yellow marrow within the bone
medullary cavity
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double layered dense irregular CT surrounding bone except where articular cart is
has two layers?
functions in bone growth, repair, nutrition and attachment for muscles.
where tendons attach
- Periosteum
- outer fibrous
- inner osteogenic
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layer of bone composed of dense ireg and collagen tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves that pass into the bone
fibrous periosteum
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inner layer contains elastic fibers and osteoprogenitor cells that give rise to osteoblasts when stimulated
osteogenic periosteum
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Endosteum
single layer of osteoprogenitor cells lining the medullary cavity
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consists of lamellae of bone matrix arranged in latticework called trabeculae. thin spaces between trabecs are part of medullary cavity
in areas of increased mechanical stress
spongy bone(cancellous)
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contains few spaces, layers of bone matrix packed tightly forming osteons
forms external layer of all bones providing protection support against weight
compact bone(dense)
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Osteoprogenitor cells
- immature quiescent line bone surface
- when stimulated, enter mitosis and give rise to osteoblasts
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lose mitotic ability and produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis
make ground substance that secrete bone specific organic molecules
OsteoBLASTS
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mature bones cells, embedded in bone matrix, nonmitotic, nonboneforming- role poorly understood- strain sensors?
reach out to communicate withother bone cells?
Osteocytes
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Osteoclasts
- scattered on endosteal surfaces
- function in bone resorption- destruction of bone matrix
- osteolysis
- surround selves in own bone matrix and slow down to become osteocytes
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producing new bone matrix, ossification
osteogenesis
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main components of bone matrix
collagen , ground substance, and TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE**
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ossification(mineralization/calcification)
- mineral salts in bone matrix are deposited into the framework of groundsubstance and collagen fibers, they crystallize and the tissue hardens or ossifies.
- mineral salts on collagen gives bones hardness- remove salts and bone is flexable cuz of collagen resists= tensile strength
- depositing inorganics into organics resulting in calcification
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perforating(Volkmans canals)
minute passageway when blood vessels and nerves from periosteum penetrate into compact bone
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circular channel running longtitutindal in center of osteon of mature compact bone. contain blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Haversion canal
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rings of calcified bone matrix surrounding haversion canals of compact bone
Lamellae
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lacunae
- little lake
- in matrix wherein resides an osteocyte located between lamellae
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canniculus
- smalll channel or canal connecting two lacunae in compact bone
- each contains a cellular process of an osteocyte
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osteon
- Haversion system is basic unit of structure in adult compact bone
- central canal with lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
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interstitial lamellae
frags of older compact bone found between newer osteons, been partially destroyed during bone replacement
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to suck up, break down and assimulate something previously differentiated
resorption
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changes the way bone resists stress, removes worn or injured bone, provides a resevoir for body calcium(calcium homestasis)
balance betwenn osteogenesis and osteolysis
bone remodeling
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regulators of bone calcium regulation
PTH, calcitonin and VITAMIN D
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effectors of PTH
incre bone resoption, incre resorption of CA by the gut(with vD), and increa ca reabsorption by the kidneys
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calcitonin causes
- stops osteolysis,stimulates osteoblasts to create new bone to be calcified
- tells kidneys to stop reabsorbing ca, allwing excess ca to pee out
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sutural bones are
sesamoid bones are
- trapped in b.w bones
- developes in tendons(patella)
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hydroxyapatite
inorganic calcium containing mineral that works with other ions to aid in ossification
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Intramembranous ossification
- flat bones of skull, clavicle, calvarian
- all bone must come from preexisting CT
- embryo lay down CT and osteoblasts make peieces of bone
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Endochondral ossification
- from within cartilage
- start with cartilage models
- cartliage not converted to bone, is destroyed and bones takes its place
- sex hormoones cause epiphyseal plates to go away and we strong growing
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Calcitriol
VITAMIN D, works with PTH to break bone and release CA
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