-
levels of structural organization of the human body
chemical, molecular, cellular, tisssue, organ, organ system, organism
-
abdominal region
around belly button area
-
abdominopelvic cavity
- a subdivision of ventral body cavity
- separated from the thoracic cavity by the muscular diaphram
- separated from pelvis by the bony pelvis
-
tip of back of shoulder seen posterior
acromial region
-
six important life processes of being alive
metabolism, reproduction, responsiveness(irritability), movement, growth, differentiation,
-
metabolism
- sum of all chemical processes of the body
- broken down into catabilism and anabolism
-
catabolism
breaking down processes that provide energy
-
anabolism
building up processes that require energy and raw materials to build and maintain the bodys structural and functional components
-
anatomical position
upright, face up, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms and eyes forward, mouth closed
-
anatomy
- to cut up/ dissect
- the study of structures and the relationships between structures
-
physiology
- functions of body parts
- physis-nature
-
ability to detect and respond to changes in environment(inter/exter)
- responsiveness/ excitability/ irritability
- nervous and endocrine systems detect changes and muscles and glands respond to input for nerv/endo to counteract changes
-
motion of the whole body, organs, tissues, or even organelles within cells
movement
-
growth
- increase in size and complexity
- -increa in # of cells or extracellular matrix between cells, pushing them farther apart
-
differentiation
develops from an unspecialized stage to more specialized one
-
formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or production of a new individual
reproduction!
-
forearm
antebrachial region
-
anterior(ventral)
towards the front
-
-
upper arm
brachial region
-
Buccal region
facial/ CHEEK
-
calcaneal region
the heel of foot
-
-
cephalic region
cranial, head region
-
-
coxal region
anterior side of HIP
-
CRURAL
anter and post lower LEG or calf/shin
-
cubital
post and ant of elbow
-
-plane
-section
- -immaginary flat surface that passes through body
- -two demensional surface resulting from a cut
-
major planes of the body
sagital, frontal(coronal), transverse(horizontal/cross), oblique
-
cuts the body into right and left sections
sagital
-
divdes body into superior and inferior
transverse
-
Two body cavities?
dorsal and ventral
-
dorsal body cavity
contains cranial cavity and vertebral
-
thoracic cavity, mediastinum, abdominopelvic
subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
-
mediastinum
- middle of chest(thorax):
- anterior
- middle(pericardial)
- posterior
-
lies between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. This cavity is filled with pericardial fluid
pericardial cavity
-
pleural cavities
- in the ventral cavity in thoracic cavity
- lungs
-
a condition in which bodys internal environment remains within certain physiological limits
- homeostasis
- 1.optimum gasses/ions/nutrients/water
- 2.optimum temp
- 3. opt pressure
-
extracellular fluid
- fluid outside of cells
- interstitial and plasma
-
interstitial fluid
- intercellular or tissue fluif fills the narrow spaces between the cells
- the internal environment cuz services the intracellular fluid
- constantly exchanging with plasma and provides optimum conditions
-
intracellular fluid
fluid within cells.2/3 body water of cytoplasm
-
a cycle of events in which a status of a condition is monitored and information regarding the condition is fed back to a central control reigion
Control center, receptor, effector
Feedback system
-
response of body reverses orginal stimulas
output decreases input
negative feedback
-
response of body enhances oringinal stimulas, less frequent
usually bad except for
childbirth, blood clots
output increases input
pos feedback
-
The region of the abdominopelvic cavity that is superior and lateral to the umbilical region is
LEFT hypochondriac region
-
the mediastinum separates
one pleural cavity from another
-
filtration
materials move passively down a hydrostatic or mechanical pressure gradient
-
contain enzymes that destroy material engulfed by phagocytes are
lysosomes
-
an integral protein that binds to a specific ligand creating a cell response is a
receptor
-
solutes move down a concentration gradient in
facilitated diffusion
-
simple squamous epithilium aids in
filtration or diffusion
-
hyaline cartilage is found in embryoskeleton, trachea, bronch tubes, nose, but not
intervertebral discs
-
Primary tissue types
- muscle, nerve, connective, epithilial
- not bone!
-
much of the upper respiratory tract is lined with
ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithilium
-
SEROUS MEMBRANES
- have parietal and visceral portions(layers)
- line body cavities that dont open to exterior and cover external surfaces of the viscera
-
tissue has many fine collagen fibers not visible and lacunae with chondrocytes
Hyaline cartilage
-
hypodermis
mostly adipose cells that store energy in fat
-
The role of keratinocytes is to
accumulate melanin granules in their superficial regions forming a protective barrier for DNA
-
a bone would be unable to repair itsself if it lacked
periosteum
-
the bony matrix is dissolved to release stored minerals
osteolysis
-
basic functional unit of compact bone is
OSTEON
-
merocrine(eccrine) glands are not altered by the secretory process
mode of secretion of exocrine glands
-
endothelium is a simp squamous lining
blood vessels
-
the dermis is composed of what kind of fibers? 2
elastin and collagen
-
sequence of development of bone forming cells
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- differentiate into osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes
-
periosteum inner layer consists of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
-
normal bone formtaion depend on diet intake of
calcium, phosphate and Vit D
-
the posterior aspect of the knee
popliteal region
-
mucous secreting cells found in many epithelia
Goblet cells
-
tissue forms the internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen
reticular
-
arrector pili
used to raise and lower hair
-
hormone is active form of Vit D that works in concert with pth to promote bone homeostasis
calcitriol
-
calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as mineral called
hydroxyapatite
-
Diference b/w receptors and pumps
- Receptors are integral proteins that
- bind specifically to some molecule (ligand)
- Pumps are integral proteins that use ATP to actively move some molecule across the
- cell membrane.
-
what functional characteristic does the organic osteoid tissue impart to a bone?
flexibility
-
six functions of bone tissue?
protection, support, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, storage of engery
-
two end bones of long bones together called an
covered in articular caritlage
sitting over top of shaft
epiphysis
-
metaphysis
- of long bone where region of mature bones where diaphysis meets epiphysis
- how long bones form
-
covers the epiphysis at a joint
thin layer of hyaline cartliage
withstand pressure
articular cartilage
-
epiphyseal plate
- in growing bone, a plate formed of hyaline cartilage
- plate grows giving length to bone
- bone growth exceeds cartilage growth at puberty and plate is slowly lost
-
contains either red or yellow marrow within the bone
medullary cavity
-
double layered dense irregular CT surrounding bone except where articular cart is
has two layers?
functions in bone growth, repair, nutrition and attachment for muscles.
where tendons attach
- Periosteum
- outer fibrous
- inner osteogenic
-
layer of bone composed of dense ireg and collagen tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves that pass into the bone
fibrous periosteum
-
inner layer contains elastic fibers and osteoprogenitor cells that give rise to osteoblasts when stimulated
osteogenic periosteum
-
Endosteum
single layer of osteoprogenitor cells lining the medullary cavity
-
consists of lamellae of bone matrix arranged in latticework called trabeculae. thin spaces between trabecs are part of medullary cavity
in areas of increased mechanical stress
spongy bone(cancellous)
-
contains few spaces, layers of bone matrix packed tightly forming osteons
forms external layer of all bones providing protection support against weight
compact bone(dense)
-
Osteoprogenitor cells
- immature quiescent line bone surface
- when stimulated, enter mitosis and give rise to osteoblasts
-
lose mitotic ability and produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis
make ground substance that secrete bone specific organic molecules
OsteoBLASTS
-
mature bones cells, embedded in bone matrix, nonmitotic, nonboneforming- role poorly understood- strain sensors?
reach out to communicate withother bone cells?
Osteocytes
-
Osteoclasts
- scattered on endosteal surfaces
- function in bone resorption- destruction of bone matrix
- osteolysis
- surround selves in own bone matrix and slow down to become osteocytes
-
producing new bone matrix, ossification
osteogenesis
-
main components of bone matrix
collagen , ground substance, and TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE**
-
ossification(mineralization/calcification)
- mineral salts in bone matrix are deposited into the framework of groundsubstance and collagen fibers, they crystallize and the tissue hardens or ossifies.
- mineral salts on collagen gives bones hardness- remove salts and bone is flexable cuz of collagen resists= tensile strength
- depositing inorganics into organics resulting in calcification
-
perforating(Volkmans canals)
minute passageway when blood vessels and nerves from periosteum penetrate into compact bone
-
circular channel running longtitutindal in center of osteon of mature compact bone. contain blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Haversion canal
-
rings of calcified bone matrix surrounding haversion canals of compact bone
Lamellae
-
lacunae
- little lake
- in matrix wherein resides an osteocyte located between lamellae
-
canniculus
- smalll channel or canal connecting two lacunae in compact bone
- each contains a cellular process of an osteocyte
-
osteon
- Haversion system is basic unit of structure in adult compact bone
- central canal with lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
-
interstitial lamellae
frags of older compact bone found between newer osteons, been partially destroyed during bone replacement
-
to suck up, break down and assimulate something previously differentiated
resorption
-
changes the way bone resists stress, removes worn or injured bone, provides a resevoir for body calcium(calcium homestasis)
balance betwenn osteogenesis and osteolysis
bone remodeling
-
regulators of bone calcium regulation
PTH, calcitonin and VITAMIN D
-
effectors of PTH
incre bone resoption, incre resorption of CA by the gut(with vD), and increa ca reabsorption by the kidneys
-
calcitonin causes
- stops osteolysis,stimulates osteoblasts to create new bone to be calcified
- tells kidneys to stop reabsorbing ca, allwing excess ca to pee out
-
sutural bones are
sesamoid bones are
- trapped in b.w bones
- developes in tendons(patella)
-
hydroxyapatite
inorganic calcium containing mineral that works with other ions to aid in ossification
-
Intramembranous ossification
- flat bones of skull, clavicle, calvarian
- all bone must come from preexisting CT
- embryo lay down CT and osteoblasts make peieces of bone
-
Endochondral ossification
- from within cartilage
- start with cartilage models
- cartliage not converted to bone, is destroyed and bones takes its place
- sex hormoones cause epiphyseal plates to go away and we strong growing
-
Calcitriol
VITAMIN D, works with PTH to break bone and release CA
|
|