-
White blood cells
Leukocytes
-
Where are lymph nodes found? Lymph nodes, tonsils, (3)
bone marrow, thymus, spleen
-
3 types granulocytes (have cytoplasmic granules that contain secretory products)
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
-
most common type of leukocytes are ___
neutrophils
-
-
WB cells which increase in # during infections (esp fight against bacterial) and secrete cytokines, which are involved in inflammation. Circulate in blood for 7-10 hrs, & stay in tissues for a few days
Neutrophils
-
WB cells which figh parasites, and secrete toxic enzymes from granules
Eosinophils
-
WB cells which contribute to allergic rxns; may fight large parasites
Basophils
-
WB cells which secrete cytokines, and migrate to tissues to become macrophages
Monocytes
-
WB cells which are responsible for a specific immune response, and are 99% of interstitial fluid cells. Consist of 3 types:
- Lymphocytes
- 1. B cells
- 2. T cells
- 3. Null cells
-
WB cells which lyse virus-infected cells; involved in early immune response (before other cells ___ get to work); also protect against cancer; recognize chgs in receptor proteins on cell surface
- Null cells
- before T & B cells
-
Most null cells are ____ cells
natural killer (NK)
-
Central lymphoid tissues which are the site of lymphocyte maturation (2). Which wb cells develop in each location?
- Bone marrow (all wb cells besides T cells develop here)
- Thymus (T cells develop here)
-
All leukocytes (as well as all rb cells) develop from precursor cells called ___
hematopoietic stem cells
-
Peripheral lymphoid tissue traps microorganisms and foreign particles by ___
exposing blood to leukocytes in high concentrations; works by "funneling" blood through a "mesh" network full of leukocytes
-
Peyer's patches are located in:
small intestine
-
Main functions of each Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue
Spleen & lymph nodes:
Tonsils & adenoids:
Appendix & Peyer's patches :
- Spleen & lymph nodes: filter blood & lymph
- Tonsils & adenoids: trap inhaled particles
- Appendix & Peyer's patches: trap ingested particles
-
Diff b/w specific & nonspecific defenses
- Non: innate immunity; includes physical & internal barriers
- Specific: specific against particular pathogen, acquired
-
Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers (as well as internal defenses). State how each protects you.
Skin:
Sebum & other secretions:
Mucous membranes:
Mast cells:
- Skin: physical barrier
- Sebum: antimicrobial oil
- Mucous membranes: mucus traps pathogens
- Mast cells: in skin & mucosa which secrete histamine, etc
-
Immune cells of skin & mucosa which secrete histamine and also brings other leukocytes to fight infection
Mast cells
-
Nonspecific defenses of internal defenses (vs physical defenses) include (3)
- inflammation
- NK cells
- complement system
-
Series of events which cause leukocytes coming to area & accumulation of fluid due to action of macrophages
Inflammation
-
___ is immune response which causes the production of antibodies
Antigen
-
Explain the 4 features of specific immune response:
Specificity
Diversity
Self-tolerance
Memory
- Specificity: an antigen causes antibodies to be made, which are specific to the antigen only
- Diversity: B & T cells can recognize millions of antigens
- Self-tolerance: protein receptors on cell mem allow recognition of self or not
- Memory: due to exposure; as in vaccines
-
Explain when the 2 types of memory take place: primary and secondary immune response
- Primary: first exposure
- Secondary: subsequent exposures
-
The primary immune response takes ____ days to occur after exposure, which is when the symptoms of illness occur; is the first time meeting this pathogen
10-17
-
During the primary response, antigen-selected B & T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells: (2)
- Plasma cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
-
The secondary immune response takes ___ days to occur after exposure to the antigen and results in a greater magnitude of response which is more prolonged
2-7
-
2 types of specific immune responses & which wb cells are involved
- Humoral: B cells
- Cell-mediated: T cells
-
Type of immunity which involves ___ cells and involves secretion of antibodies by plasma cells to defend against pathogens in body fluids
-
Type of immunity which involves ___ cells and involves lysis of pathogen infected cells (done by ___ cells)
- Cell-mediated
- T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
-
General diff b/w humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated (T cells) immunity
- Humoral (B cells): antibodies
- Cell-mediated (T cells): cell lysis
-
How are immunoglobins made?
When a B cell contacts an antigen or foreign molec, it becomes a plasma cell which secrete immunoglobins
-
Antibodies which mark invaders for destruction
Immunoglobulins
-
What causes B cell proliferation and what two types of cell do the B cells become?
Binding of an antigens to lymphocytes, which then either become a memory B cell, or a plasma cell (which secrete antibodies that bind to antigen to get rid of it)
-
WB cell which secretes antibodies which bind to antigen to get rid of it
Plasma cells (made from B cells)
-
4 methods of antigen disposal by antibodies
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Opsonization
- Complement activation
-
Neutralization of pathogen is done by the antibody by:
binding to it and blocking it's activity
-
Agglutination gets rid of pathogen by:
Clumping multiple pathogens together by antibodies
-
Opsonization gets rid of pathogen by:
phagocytes engulfing the pathogen-antibody complex, which is more efficient than engulfing the pathogen alone
-
Complement activation gets rid of a pathogen by:
antibodies binding to pathogen, creating a complement protein cascade which eventually lyse the pathogen cell
-
What do T cells attack?
Infected, mutant, or transplanted cells
-
What are the 3 types of T cells, and generally what are
their functions?
- Cytotoxic T cells: puncture hole & lyse pathogen cell
- Helper T cells: signal to B & T cells there's infection
- Suppressor T cells: keep immune system in check
-
secrete hole-puncturing molecs which lyse pathogen cell
Cytotoxic T cells
-
secrete cytokines which tell B & other T cells there's an infection
Helper T cells
-
secrete cytokines which suppress B & other T cells; keeps immune system in check
Suppressor T cells
-
What is antigen presentation?
When a MHC molec goes inside the pathogen cell, binds to fragment in there (an antigen), and pushes it out onto the cell surface so that the receptors on a T cell recogize the antigen
-
Which type of MHC to T cells recognize? What
type do B cells recognize?
- Cytotoxic T cells: MHC I
- Helper T cells: MHC II
- B cells: MHC II
-
On what types of cells are Class I MHC and Class II MHC molecs found on their surfaces?
- Class I MHC: all nucleated cells
- Class II MHC: macrophages, activated B & T cells, thymus cells
-
When MHC II-anitgen complex binds to helper T cell, the helper T cell secretes ____
cytokines
-
When MHC I-antigen complex binds to cytotoxic T cell, the cytotoxic T cell then ____
destroys the virus-infected cell or cancer cell in which the MHC I-antigen complex is bound
-
What does MHC have to do with knowing which cells are our own and which are foreign?
The MHC molecs are unique to an individual person (HLA- human leukocyte antigen) and are unique to each type of tissue
-
Universal blood donor:
Universal blood recipient
-
Blood types are due to ___ on surface of RBCs
antigens
-
A person with Type B blood has ___ antigens on RBC surface and will not produce antibodies to ___ antigen. Why?
- B; B
- they are recognized as self
-
How are helper T cells activated?
Binding of MHC II-antigen complex on macrophage or B cell to the T cell causes the macrophages or B cell to secrete cytokines (which causes maturation of helper T cells)
-
Cause maturation of helper T cells
cytokines
-
What do helper T cells do?
Differentiate into cytokines which act on other wb cells & cause their maturation
-
What is the difference between active and
passive immunity?
- Active involves memory; body develops immunity over time
- Passive does not involve memory, immunity stays as long as antibodies are present, such as when mother passes them to fetus
|
|
