The Middle Ages and the Protestant Reformation

Occured from 1050-1500s

The year that the break between churches of East and West occured over Nicene Creed and filioque

Occured from 1095-1291

The year that the Fouth Lateran Council occured.

The year that Christopher Columbus “discovers” the New World

• Focused on the rational justification and systematization of theological reflection a Certain approach to theology
• Not necessarily an agreed on set if beliefs or standards
• Faith seeking understanding

Founded in 1200

Medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician

• One of the most universal thinkers to appear during the Middle Ages
• His superior understanding of a diversity of philosophical texts allowed him to construct one of the most remarkable syntheses in medieval culture

• Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher.
• Declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He is
• Known as the "Seraphic Doctor"

• Saint Hildegard, and Sibyl of the Rhine
• A German writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, Benedictine abbess, visionary, and polymath.
• Elected a magistra by her fellow nuns in 1136
• Founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165.

• ­Wrote the Summa Theologica,
• ­Focuses on relationship between faith and intellect

Religious societies that combined strict religious observance with intellectual and artistic pursuits

• ­Copying and writing books
• ­Studying architecture, engineering, math, medicine, and philosophy
• ­Painting frescos and illuminating manuscripts

• A Western European movement (1500-1750) that sought to return Christianity to its biblical roots
• They were troubled by what seemed to be a multitude of superstitious practices (veneration of relics and saints)

The notion that the sacrement of bread and wine, when blessed at the Mass, literally turned into Jesus' flesh and blood.

• 1545
• Called by the Catholic Church
• To condemn the principles and doctrines of Protestantism and to define the doctrines of the Catholic Church on all disputed points

• Return to simple Christianity
• Centrality of Jesus (the only way to God)
• Guidance in the Bible
• Importance of faith
• Direct relationship with God
• Individual Judgement

• Began in Germany
• Led by Martin Luther

• Catholic monk
• Ninety-Five Theses
• Diet of Worms condemns Luther as a heretic in 1521

In exchange for donating money towards the building of St. Peter's Basilica, donors could buy an indulgence to shorten their time after death a person would have to spend in purgatory.

The ability of each individual to radically question and rethink accepted interpretation

• Swiss origins - John Calvin (French but flees to Switzerland)
• Leads to Reformed Churches (i.e. Presbyterian)
• Emphasizes liturgy and church life more than doctrine
• Calvin emphasized the importance of Scripture

• Matin Luther's version of the reform emphasized faith and the authority of the Bible
• Spread throughout central and northern Germany, Scandinavia, and the United States

• Darker than Lutheranism, for they viewed human nature as being basically sinful and almost irresitibly drawn to evil.
• Predestination (already knows who going to heaven and hell)

• Created by King Henry VIII
• Maintained the traditional Church structure
• Services in Latin
• The Book of Common Prayer

• Sects of Protestantism who have taken literal translations of the Bible
• The Anabaptist - baptize again (Mennonite and Amish rose from this Sect)
• The Baptist - baptism in adults only, simplicity in ritual
• The Quakers - ardent pacifists
• The Shakers - devotional dance, complete celibacy

• Good works (accompanies faith)
• Church authority guides biblical interpretation
• Importance of Tradition
• Hierarchy
• Veneration of Mary and the saints
• Seven sacraments

• Baptism
• Confirmation
• Eucharist (Lord's Supper, Mass)
• Matrimony
• Holy orders (ordination of priests)
• Reconsiliation (confession)
• Anointing of the sick (unction)