FSCN.ch.14.Water.major.minerals

Intra: 67% of body's water

Extra: interstitial (btwn cells), intrastitial (blood & lymph)

Water follows electrolytes.

low --> high concentration.

• Osmosis:
• -passive diffusion of water across membranes.

Pumps electrolytes.

• Purpose: ***Swap IONs across membranes.
• -Na out, K in.

• Functions:
• -Transport of nutrients & O2.
• -Misc. body fluids (saliva, bile, etc.)
• -Lubrication
• -Required by some enzyme reactions
• -Temperature regulation (sweating; water evaporates, water cools us)

• Deficiency
• -Dehydration
• -Symptoms: muscle cramps, decreased blood pressure, concentrated (yellow) urine, headaches, etc.
• -Body’s response:
• -Anti-diuretic hormone
• -Renin-angiotensin & aldosterone system

• Toxicity:
• Hyponatremia (too much water; low serum Na).

• Angiotensin 2:
• -Constricts blood vessels which increase blood pressure.

-Unknown Cause

• Risk Factors:
• -Age
• -Race
• –African Americans most at risk
• -Obesity
• -Diabetes
• -Salt intake

• ***DASH diet: Dietary approaches to stop hypertension: MOST EFFECTIVE to lower blood pressure
• -Reduce alcohol.

• Functions:
• -Absorption of glucose & some AAs
• -Muscle contraction
• -Nerve impulses
• -Water balance
• -Plays a big role in edema/swelling since it is major electrolyte in extracellular fluid.

• Deficiency:
• -Very rare
• -Hyponatremia
• ***Excess Na is a MAJOR health problem
• -Increases risk for heart disease, hypertension, stroke & kidney stones
• -Choose foods prepared at home or fresh foods rather than processed or packaged foods.

• Function
• -Very similar to SODIUM

• Deficiency
• -Hypokalemia (NOT COMMON)

• -Symptoms:
• weakness, fatigue, constipation, irregular heartbeat, etc.
• -RARE:
• causes heart attacks.

• Function
• -Fluid volume & balance, acid balance, nerve impulses, etc.

• Deficiency
• -Very RARE

• Function
• -MAJOR FUNCTION: bone development & maintenance.
• -Blood clotting, muscle contraction, enzyme activity, and nerve impulses

• Cortisol Bone: 75% of skeletal mass
• (mostly OUTSIDE of bone, dense material).

Trebeculur Bone: Where most bone remodeling occurs (INSIDE of bone).

Osteoblasts: ADD minerals (e.g. add calcium to bones).

Osteoclasts: REMOVE or dissolves minerals (bone reabsorption).

Osteopenia: normal - low bone mass

Osteoporosis: low - very low bone mass

Kyphosis: DOWAGER'S HUMP (hunchback of notre dame)

• Prevention & Treatment:
• -Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus (MOST imp. to bones)
• -Active lifestyle
• -Drug therapy

*Pressure is involved w/ bones

• Function:
• -Major component of bone & teeth
• *Critical to the function of EVERY body cell
• -ATP, DNA, RNA, cell signaling

• Deficiency:
• RARE, but a chronic deficiency can effect bone
• loss, growth & tooth development

• Food source:
• -Dairy & meat, etc.

• Function
• -Biochemical & physiological processes

• Deficiency
• -Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms
• *INCREASE RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS

• Food sources:
• *HARDWATER

• Function
• -Vitamins & AAs
• -Stabilize the structure of proteins
• -Participates in acid-base balance