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Cell theory states that
All living things are composed of cells.
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Mitochonria are membrane boutnd organelles in the cytoplasm in which:
Energy rich molecules are broken down; using oxygen
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Process which glucose will enter the cell
Facilitated diffusion
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Hydrogen bond is weaker than
Covalemt bond
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum associted with
- Insulin (protein cell)
- In pancreas
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Lipids are
Hydrophobic molecules
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Hydrolosis is process in which
a molecule is broken into two by addition of water
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In lipids the term UNSATURATED means
presence of double bonds vbetween adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid.
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Each amino acid differs from others in the
Chemical structure of the R group
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A decrease of cholesterol within the cell membrane will
Increase the fluidity of the cell membrane.
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4 most frequently found elements
- 1) Carbon
- 2) Oxygen
- 3) Hydrogen
- 4) Nitrogen
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If we remove 1 neuron from potassium we will
Create a potasssium isotope
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Chemical bpnd in which electrons are shared by 2 atoms
Covalent
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Low glycemic carbs
Are sowly absorbed into the blood.
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Tertiary Structure
The association of protein with multiple subunits to function (like Hemoglobin)
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Cell Membrane
- provides support barrier
- Controls movement in and out of cell
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Nucleus
- Contains DNA,
- Controlsa activity of cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Lipid Synthesis including steroid hormone
- Rich in gonads and archeal gland
- Drug and poison detox
- Rich in liver
- Making fats
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Make proteins (inulin)
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Mitochondrion
- Sight of cellular respiration
- Converts food energy into ATP
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Chloroplast
Converts solar energy in to chemical energy
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Centriole
- Made from microtubulesd
- Important in directing DNA movement
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Central vacuole
- Stores water and food
- Helps keep plant cell turgid
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Lybosome
- Contains digestive enzymes
- Digest food and recycle damaged organelles
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Cytoskeleton
- Provides cell shape
- Provides cellular movement
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Number of chromomes in parent cell in
Mitosis
Meiosis
same
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Number of daughter cells in
Mitosis
Meiosis
MEiosis double Mitosis
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Number of chromosomes in each daughter cell
Mitosis double Meiosis
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Mitosis type of cell
Diploid
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Meiosis type of cell
haploid
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What seperates in Meiosis I
Homologous Chromosomes
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What separates in Meiosis II
Sister chromatids
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Metaohase I
Random assortment
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Two stages of Meiosis that result in genetic diversity
- Prophase (crossing over)
- Metaphase (randomn assortment)
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What is a Chromatin?
A mixture of histone proteins and DNA
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Each individual chromosome at the beginnig of mitosis is composed of___
2 sister chromatids
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During which phase of interpohase does DNA replication occur?
S
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During which phase of mitosis does the chromatin begin to condense to form the chromosomes?
Prophase
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In plants the formation of the cell plate occurs during
Cytokinesis
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Interphase consists of
G1+S+G2
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Cells produced by meiosis are called
Gametes
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How do meiosis and mitosis differ from each other?
- Cells fomed in meiosis are called haploid
- Mitosis = diploid
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What is decreased during the process of meiosis
# of chromosomes
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Genetic make up of an individual is called his her
Genotype
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what sepoarates in anaphase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids
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What happens in Prophase of meiosis I
Crossing over and exchange of genteic material
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What happens in Metaphase II
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Genes located close together on the same chromosome are referre to as ____ and generally________
Linked and generally do not sort independently during meiosis.
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The phase of meiosis assiciated with crossing over of homologous chromosomes is
Prophase I
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What is the genome of an organism
- Complete set of DNA
- All of our genes
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Genes
Traits inherited by parents
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Gene Expression
Process by which information from a gene is used in synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Events of cell Cycle
- Interphase (GI, S, G2,)
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
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Mitotic Phase
- Spindles migrate to opposite poles of cell,
- Pairing
- Crossing over
- Spindles form
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Metaphase
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes
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Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate
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3 components that make up a nucleotide monomer
- Phosphate group
- Pentose sugar
- Nitrogenous base
Phosphate,sugar,base
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Describe the basid structure of DNA molecule
Double helix
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Rosalind F
Discovered DNA structure
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Basic steps of DNA replication
- Unzips- Pairs are broken
- DNA polymerize- adds complimentary base pairs
- One original .. one newly made
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DNA & RNA Differences (3)
- DNA-
- Souble standard
- Deoxyribose,
- A-T, C-G
- RNA-
- Single standard
- Ribose
- A-U, C-G
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Codon
Sequence in DNA + RNA that code for an aino acid.
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Anticodon
Complementary 3 base pair (sequence) on a tRNA molecule that has appropriate amino acid attached.
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Info to make up protein cointained in ?
DNA
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Introns
Non Coding, and are removed
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Exons
- Coding regions
- Spliced together
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Proteome
All of our proteins
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Process of TRANSCRIPTION
- Initiation- DNA unwinds- separates
- Elongation- RNA bases are added to DNA bases
- Termination- RNA detaches from DNA
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Genotype to Phenotype
Info from genes to mRNA
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Cellular Differentiation
They become specialized in structure and functin.
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SCNT
- Self cloning
- Therapeutic Cloning
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IPS (Induced pluripotent stem cells)
- Reprogram nucleus to have properties of ES cells
- Potential to become patient specific
- Generate your own stem cells
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REproduvtive Cloning
Implant cloned embryo into mother
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Therapeutic Cloning
Induce stem cells to forn specialized cells for therapeutic use.
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Which cancers are most deadly in US
- Most: Lung
- Least: Colorectal
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Carcinomas
- Glands,
- 90% of all ccancers
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Sarcomas
Connective tissues
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Normal Tissues
Only divide to replace dying or damaged cells
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Dysplacia
Excessive cell division
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Hyperplasia cells
cell division abnormal/ elevated
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Cercenoma in Situ
- Severe dysplacia
- Tumor remains in place benign
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Telomerase
- Basically immortalization with G1 stuck at +
- Tumor suppressor being cut
Cancer cells cna continue to replicate endlessly.
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Apoptasis
- The loss of cell suicide
- All new cells (cancer) are accepted
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Metastasis
- Can cer can only grow so much in one area
- So it spreads to other parts of body
Road trip
95% death
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Geade
Appearance of cells in biopsy
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Stage
How far cancer has spread
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Carcinogens
Anything that increases chance of cancer
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Mutagon
- mutate DNA,
- Uv radiation,
- Tobbacco
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Promoters
- Hormones
- Chronic infection
- Inflamation
- Obesity
- Hard alcohol
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% of Cancer incidents caused by hereditary factors
10-20
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2 reasons that cancer risk dramatically increases with age
- 1) takes time to develop 6 mutations
- 2) Exposed to more carcinogens over time.
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Alleles
Variations of a gene
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Mendells 1st law
Principles of segregatioin
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Mendells 2nd law
Principle of separate assortment
Chromosomes separate independantly
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Phenotype
- Observable traits
- What we see
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Organelles
Separate within a cell
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Prophase
Chromosomes are duplicated
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Metaphase
- Chromosomes separate
- Move away from one another
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Telophase
Move to opposite ends and nuclei are formed
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Interphase
Resting pohase
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Meiosis I : Homologous chromosomes separate
- Prophase: Crossing over
- Metaphase Random assortment
- Anaphase: Homo Chromosomes splt up
- Telophase: Two haploid cells form
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Meiosis II: Sister Chromatids Separate
- Prophase: Spinle fibers reform and attach duplicated chromosomes.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes align in middle of cell
- Anaphase II: Sisters chromatids separate to opposite ends
- Telophase: Completion of chromosome migration
- Result of 4 haploid cells
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G1
Decide to duplicate or not
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S Phase
Every chromosome replicates
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G2
- Check repair or die
- Cell suicide program
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M Mitotic Phase
DNa distributes evenly in each cell
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Mitosis
Cell divides producing two daughter cells that are genetically ientical to the parent cell.
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Energy (2 types)
- Potential: Stored
- Kinetic: Energy in motion
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What is nestled in between phospholipids
Cholesterol
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Mitochondria
- Site of cellular respiration
- Converts foodto energy
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Mother molecule
Cholesterol
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Unsaturated
- Less hydrogen,
- replaced w carbon double bonds
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Saturated
Filled w hydrogens
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Tryglicerides
Glycerol + addition of 3 fatty acids
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Atom
Made up of + protons
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Ion
Charged atom or molecule
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