Chemical Basis of Life

Number of protons constitutes the _.

Atomic number is constituted by the _.

Atomic number establishes the _ of the atom.

Chemical identity of an atom is established by the _.

Elements are composed of atoms that _.

Atoms that have the same atomic number compose _.

Atomic weight of an atom is the _.

Sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom is the _.

Isotopes are _.

Different forms of the same element having the same number of protons but differing in number of neutrons are _.

Different isotopes of the same element have different _.

Radioactive isotopes are unstable and undergo a decay process in which the atoms reach a stable state by emitting _.

Radioactive isotopes are unstable and undergo _.

Radioactive isotopes are _ and undergo a decay process.

Molecules result from attachment of atoms to one another by _.

Molecules result from _ by chemical bonds.

Result from attachment of atoms to one another by chemical bonds are _.

Compounds are composed of _.

Molecules of the same type compose _.

Chemical reactions for or break _.

Chemical bonds are formed or broken by _.

Forming or breaking of a chemical bond forms _.

New compounds are the result of _.

Chemical bonds are the result of interaction between the _.

Interaction between the outer electrons of the bonded atoms result in _.

As the atomic number of the nucleus increases from one element to another, the energy levels _.

Energy levels fill with electrons as the _ of the nucleus increases from one element to another.

Higher energy levels are full with they contain _ electrons each.

Chemical bond forms when there is interaction between _.

Interaction between the outermost energy levels of two atoms forms a _.

Atoms are most stable when _.

In a covalent bond the bonded partners share _ to complete their outer energy levels.

In a covalent bond, if the donor and acceptor are equally strong, each shared electron spends _.

Shared electrons spend the same amount of time with each of the two bonded atoms if _.

Nonpolar bond is the result of shared electrons _.

Shared electron spending the same amount time with the donor and acceptor results in a _.

In a covalent bond: strengths of donor and acceptor are unequal, electron spends more of its time with one partner than the other resulting in a _.

Polar bond is a result of _.

Atoms connected by a polar bond form _.

Electrical dipole is formed by _.

Atom that has the electron more of the time is the _ pole of the dipole.

Negative pole of the dipole is the _.

Ionic bond is formed when an element that readily gives up electrons reacts with an element that _.

When an element readily gives up electrons reacts with an element that readily accepts them, this forms _.

Ionic bonds are held together by _.

Hydrogen bonds are the result of the fact that _ and _ bonds are polar covalent bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are the result of the fact that hydrogen-nitrogen and hydrogen-oxyge bonds are _ bonds.

Hydrogen has a small positive charge because the electron spends most of its time with _.

Van der Waals forces develop between molecules or _.

Van der Waals forces develop between _ or between different parts of the same large molecule.

In Van der Waals forces, an area of a molecule that temporarily becomes electron rich will _.

Force that develops when an area of a molecule becomes electron rich and is attracted to an area that is electron poor is _.

In a chemical reaction, one or more reactants are transformed into one or more _.

In a chemical reaction, one or more _ are transformed into one or more products.

One or more reactants are transformed into one or more products in a _.

Synthetic reactions combine two or more _ or_ to form a new compound according to the form A + B => AB.

Synthetic reactions combine two or more elements or compounds to form a _ according to the form A + B => AB.

Synthetic reactions combine two or more elements or compounds to form a new compound according to the form _.

Two or more elements or compounds are combined to form a new compound in _ reactions.

A + B => AB is the form for _ reactions.

Formation of new proteins from free amino acids is an example of _ reactions.

Deposition of bone from free calcium and phosphate is an example _ reactions.

Sum of synthetic processes is termed _.

Anabolism is the term for _ process.

Decomposition reacts take the form _.

AB => A + B is the form for _ reactions.

Decomposition reactions ocur when foodstuffs are _.

Decomposition reactions occur whenstored forms of chemical energy are _.

Reaction that occurs when foodstuffs are broken down is _.

Reaction that occurs when stored forms of chemical energy are drawn upon during fasting is _.

Sum of decomposition reactions are called _.

Catabolism is the sum for _ processes.

Oxidation-reduction is also called _.

Redox reactions is also known as _.

In oxidation-reduction one atom donates _.

Reaction in which one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom is _.

In oxidation-reduction the donor becomes _.

In oxidation-reduction the _ becomes oxidized.

In oxidation-reduction the recipient becomes _.

In oxidation-reduction the _ becomes reduced.

In oxidation-reduction,"reduction" means reduction in _.

Free energy is the portion of a system's total energy that _.

Portion of a system's total energy that could be used to do work is _.

A + B => AB proceeds in the forward direction only if free energy of the product is less than that of the _.

A + B => AB proceeds in the forward direction only if the free energy of the produce is _ that that of the reactants.

A + B => AB proceeds in the forward direction only if the _ of the product is less than that of the reactants.

Equilibrium is when the relative concentrations of reactants and products have changed such that the reverse reaction goes _.

Equilibrium is when the relative concentrations of _ and _ have changed such that the reverse reaction goes as rapidly as the forward reaction.

When relative concentrations of reactants and products have changed such that the reverse reaction goes as rapidly as the forward reaction, this is _.

Characteristic ratio of reactants to product at equilibrium is called _.

Equilibrium constant (Keq) is the characteristic ratio of _ to _ at equilibrium.

Solvent is a fluid in which other substances can be _.

Solvent is a fluid in which _ can be dissolved.

Fluid in which other substances can be dissolved is _.

Solutes are substances that can be dissolved in _.

Solutes are substances that can be _ in solvent.

Substances that can be dissolved in solvent are _.

Solubility coefficient is the maximum amount of a substance that can be _.

Solubility coefficient is the _ of a substance that can be held in a solution.

Maximum amount of a substance that can be held in a solution is _.

Compounds that incorporate ionic bonds separate into their component ions in water solution and are called _.

Electrolytes are compounds that incorporate ionic bonds and separate into _.

Electrolytes are compounds that incorporate _ that separate into their component ions in water solution.

Each ion in solution is surrounded by a _.

Molecular weight is the total of all _ of its components expressed in grams.

Total of all of the atomic weights of its components expressed in grams is _.

One mole of a compound contains _.

Molarity (M) is the number of grams of solute per liter of water divided by the solute's _.

Molarity (M) is the number of grams of solute per _ divided by the solute's molecular weight.

Molarity (M) is the number of grams of _ per liter of water divided by the solute's molecular weight.

Number of grams of solute per liter of water divided by the solute's molecular weight is the _.

Suspension is formed by particles with dimensions exceeding that of the typical molecule _.

Suspension is formed by particles with _ that of the typical molecule dispersed in water.

Particles with dimensions exceeding that of the typicle molecule dispersed in water forms _.

Bond between H and O in water is a _.

Isomers are different forms of molecules with _.

Isomers are _ with the same chemical formula.

Different forms of molecules with the same chemical formula are _.

Stereoisomers are variant forms that differ in the orientation of a _.

Stereoisomers are _ that differ in the orientation of a key functional group.

Variant forms that differ in the orientation of a key functional group are _.

Disaccharides are from from monosaccharides by _.

Dehydration reaction is the removal of a H+ from one reactant and an OH- from the other allowing the formation of a _.

Dehydration reaction removes a H+ from one reactant and an _ allowing the formation of a molecule of water.

Dehydration reaction removes _ from one reactant and an OH- from the other forming a molecule of water.

Removal of H+ from one reactant and an OH- from the other forming a molecule of water is _ reaction.

Lipids are major nonpolar, water-insoluble _ molecules in the body.

Lipids are major nonpolar, _ organic molecules in the body.

Lipids are major _, water-insoluble organic molecules in the body.

Fatty acids are chains of carbons terminating in a _.

Fatty acids are _ terminating in a carboxyl group.

Triacylglyercols are the major form of _.

Major form of stored lipid in the body are _.

Triacylglycerol makes up the majority of _.

Majority of fat in adipose cells is made up by _.

Triacylglycerols are formed by _ reactions.

Phospholipids are major components of the _.

Lecithins is a common group of _.

Glycolipids are lipids with covalently bound _.

Glycolipids are lipids wtih _ carbohydrates.

Steriods are derivatives of _.

Prostaglandins are derivatives of _.

Proteins are chains of amino acids joined by _.

Proteins are chains of _ joined by peptide bonds.

Chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds are _.

Formation of a peptide bond is a _ reaction.

Primary sequence is the order of amino acids in the _.

Primary sequence is the order of _ in the protein chain.

Sequence that is the order of amino acids in the protein chain is _.

Secondary structure is established by _, _, or _ the chain at particular regions of the primary sequence to form motifs.

Secondary structure is established by folding, coiling, or pleating the chain at particular regions of the primary sequence to from _.

Established by folding, coiling, or pleating the chain at a particular region of the primary sequence is the _.

Alpha helix is formed by hydrogen bonding between _.

Alpha helix is formed by _ between nearby amino acids in the same chain.

Hydrogen bonding between nearby amino acids in the same chain form the _.

Pleated sheet motif is the result of repetitive hydrogen bonds between _.

Pleated sheet motif is the result of _ between two parallel protein chains.

Repetitive hydrogen bonds between two parallel protein chains results in _.

Secondary structure undergoes additional folding to form a _.

Tertiary structure is formed by _.

Fully structured proteins associating with one another to form functional units called _.

Quarternary structure is fully structured proteins that associate with one another to form _.

Active site is a pocket formed by an enzyme in which reactants are brought together in the proper orientation for _.

Active site is a pocket formed by an enzyme in which reactants are brought together _ for bond formation.

Active site is a pocket formed by an enzyme in which _ are broght together in the proper orientation for bond formation.

Active site is a pocket formed by _ in which reactants are brought together in the proper orientation for bond formation.

Pocket formed by an enzyme in which the reactants are brought together in the proper orientation for bond formation is _.

In competitive inhibition the inhibitor molecule occupies the active site of the enzyme, preventing _.

In competitive inhibition the inhibitor molecule _, preventing interaction with the normal substrate.

Inhibitor molecule occupies the active site of the enzyme, preventing interation with the normal substrate in _ inhibition.

In noncompetitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, changing the tertiary structure of the enzyme and affecting the ability _.

In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to anothersite on the enzyme, _ and affecting the ability of the active site to recognize its substrate.

In noncompetitive inhibition the inhibitor _, changing the tertiary structure of the enzyme and affecting the ability of the active site to recognize its substrate.

Inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, changing the tertiary structure of the enzyme and affecting the ability of the active site to recognize its substrate in _ inhibition.

Enzymes exist in multiple forms with different enzymatic properties called _ or _.

Isoforms or isozymes are enzymes that exist in multiple forms with _.

Isoforms or isozymes are enzymes that _ with different enzymatic properties.

In catabolism the cell extracts energy from _.

Cell extracts energy from chemical sources in the environment is the reaction called _.

Extraction of energy from foodstuff is also termed _.

Cellular respiration is _.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main source of energy available to drive _.

Main source of energy available to drive energy-requiring reactions is _.

DNA contains the bases _, _, _, and _.

RNA contains the bases _, _, _, and _.

mRNA carries information for protein sequences from the nucleus to the _.

mRNA carries information for protein sequences from the _ to the protein synthesis machinery in the cytoplasm.

mRNA carries information for _ from the nucleus to the protein synthesis machinery in the cytoplasm.

Carries information for protein sequences from the nucleus to the protein synthesis in the cytoplasm is _.

rRNA composes _.

Ribosomes are composed by _.

tRNA recognizes particular amino acids and adds them to the _.

tRNA is responsibe for _ and adding them to the growing polypeptide chain.

Responsible for recognizing particular amino acids and adding them to the growing polypeptide chain is the _.

Working copies of the primary sequence is made in the form of a single strand of complementary mRNA called _.

Primary transcript is the working copies of the primary sequence made in the form of a single strand of _.

Primary transcript is working copies of _ made in the form of a single strand of mRNA.

Reading off the code for a protein and using it to synthesize the protein is called _.

Gene expression is reading off teh code for a protein and using it to _.

Gene expression is the _ for a protein and using it to synthesize the protein.

First step in gene expression is catalyzed by _.

Primary transcript is edited of parts called introns that _.

Primary transcript is edited for _ that will not appear in the final transcript.

Introns are parts of the _ that will not appear in the final transcript.

Pieces of RNA that remain after editing are called _.

Exons are pieces of RNA that _.

Exons are pieces of _ that remain after editing.

Editing the primary transcript is called _.

Posttranscriptional processing is the editing of the _.

Parts of the amino acid are clipped off or two or more polypeptides are attached together to form a functional complex is called _.

Posttranslational processing is parts of the amino acid sequence are clipped off or two or more polypeptides are _.

Posttranslational processing is parts of the _ or two or more polypeptides are attached together to form a functional complex.

Signal sequence causes the ribosome translating the mRNA to attach itself to the _.

Signal sequence causes the ribosome translating the _ to attach itself to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Ribosome translating the mRNA attaches itself to the endoplasmic reticulum due to _.

Transcription of a gene begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoer site and continues until the polymerase reaches the _.

Transcription of a gene begins when RNA polymerase binds to the _ and continues until the polymerase reaches the terminator site.

Transcription of a gene begins when _ binds to the promoter site and continues until the polymerase reaches the terminator site.

Attachment of polymerase to the promotor can be blocked by _.

Repressors _ attachment of polymerase to the promoter.

Repressors are removed by _.

Inducers remove _.