-
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testes--leads to higher rate of malignancy and to sterility
-
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testes--complications include infertility
-
Urethritis forms and organisms responsible?
- Purulent--Neisseria gonorrhea
- Non-purulant--Chlamydia (most common sexually transmitted disease)
-
Syphilis
- Primary: Chancre at site of inoculation
- Secondary: Macular-papular rash, Condyloma lata , Mucous patch
- Tertiary: Gumma (granulomatous destructive lesion),Tabes dorsalis, Dissecting aortic aneurysms, Perivasculitis, Dementia, Not curable at this stage
-
Seminoma
- Most common testicular neoplasm
- Good prognosis
-
NSGCTS (nonseminomatous germ cell tumors)
- Embryonal cell--aggressive
- Yolk sac--age 3
- Choriocarcinoma--most highly malignant
- Teratoma--can be malignant
-
Benign prostate hyperplasia
- Urinary obstruction
- Increased urinary frequency
- Hesitancy
- Increased infections
- NO RELATIONSHIP TO PROSTATE CANCER--but the two can co-exist
-
Prostate Carcinoma
- MOST common cancer in men
- No definitive risk factors
- Frequently metastasizes to bone
-
Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Predisposing factors: Early sexual activity, Multiple partners, Recurrent STDs, use of IUDs
- Complications: Pain Infertility, Vaginal discharge, Pelvic abscesses, Ectopic pregnancies
-
Endometrial Carcinoma
- Most common malignancy of female genital system
- Adenocarcinoma
- More common in women who are obese, hyperestrogenism, nulliparous (no children), early menarche or late menopause
-
Leiomyoma
- Benign; most common uterine tumor, often multiple
- Estrogen sensitive--will increase when estrogen high
-
Endometriosis
- No relationship to cancer
- Manifest by menstrual severe pain
- Complications: pain, infertility, adhesions
-
Kruckenburg tumors
Gastric carcinoma metastatic to both ovaries (signet ring cells)
-
Preeclampsia
- hypertension, albuminemia, edema
- Toxemia of pregnancy
-
Eclampsia
- Hypertension, albuminemia, edema
- Plus convulsions, seizures, DIC
-
Postpartum anterior pituitary necrosis
- Consequence of severe hypotension, most often from blood loss
- (Sheehan syndrome)
-
Hydatiform mole---grapelike placental villi in loose stroma
- Characterized by a significant increase in hCG, uterine size, and vaginal bleeding
- Usually occurs in early months of pregnancy
- Complete mole: 46XX paternal derivation only—no embryo is present
- Partial mole: embryo is present but triploidy—thought to be die to fertilization of the egg by two or more sperm
-
Fibrocystic disease
- Most common disorder of the breast
- MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PALPABLE
- BREAST MASS IN WOMEN 25-50
- Characterized by lumpy breasts and mid-cycle tenderness
- Characterized by fibrosis, blue domed cysts, and epithelial changes such as apocrine metasplasia and sclerosing adenosis
- If epithelial changes include either atypical ductal hyperplasia or papillomatosis, it is considered to be pre-malignant and more likely to proceed to cancer.
-
Fibroadenoma
- Most common benign tumor
- Most common breast tumor in women under 25
- Firm rubbery painless mass (lumpy breasts/midcycle tenderness)
- Does NOT undergo malignant change
-
Intraductal papilloma
Clinically manifest by serous or bloody discharge
-
Breast Cancer
- Most common cancer in women
- Most frequently occurs in upper outer quadrant
- Most common type is infiltrating ductal (other names for this tumor are invasive ductal or scirrhous carcinoma)
- Risk factors for breast cancer: Increasing age, Familial history, Early menarche/late menopause Obesity, Nulliparous (no children), First pregnancy after age 30, Proliferative fibrocystic breast disease with papillomatosis and/or atypical ductal epithelial hyperplasia, High fat diet, Caucasian, Jewish descent, Inherited mutations in p53, BRCA-1, and BRCA-2 tumor suppressor genes associated with increased risk
- Can demonstrate estrogen and progesterone receptors in some tumors (associated with a better prognosis)
-
Paget's disease of the breast
- Exzematous lesion of the nipple with underlying invasive ductal carcinoma usually
- Large cells surrounded by a clear halo
|
|