Neuro Prelim 2

any effort that increases the offspring's survival (thus RS) in the expense of the parent's ability to invest in another offsprings

1. Biparental care important- due to harsh physical environment, high competition within the species...etc

2. Forced Monogamy/Failed Polygyny- males are forced into mongamy bc of lost mating opportunities

• 1. uniform distribution of females (spatial)
• 2. synchronized nesting (temporal)
• 3. Aggressive behavior when boundary is invaded

Extra pair paternity should be higher...

• 1. higher need for biparental care
• 2. genetic quality of mate (high)

• 1. greater food abundance
• 2. Close nesting density (close distance to other males)
• 3. Genetic variability (females will choose the best)
• 4. Genetic quality of the neighbor

• Yes.
• Ex. Termites. Sexual selective preference were found. Females like males with wide heads (biting, defense). Males prefer females with big body and fat, indicator of reproductive quality.

Usually the rarer sex becomes the choosier one.

• Unselfish regard for other's benefits and welfare at the expense of the altruist.
• *evolutionary paradox

• WD Hamilton's hypothesis.
• Higher r (relatedness) leads to higher altruism .
• Direct fitness- more RS of individual
• INdirect- the RS of relative still increases the passing of the genes

Hamilton's rule that says altruism will spread if the inclusive fitness benefits are greater than the costs.

Rb* b - Rc (c) >0

• If an altruist produces x offsprings and partner produces y offsprings, then indlusive fitness is x + ry.
• If a non-altruist produces z offsprings and its partner produces w offsprings, inc fit is z+ rw .
• Altruism spreads when x + ry >z + rw

• costs:
• disease, easily noticed by predators, competition, time and energy to the dominant one, adultery, female egg destroyed by inteference

• benefits:
• better degree of protection against the predators
• improved foraging
• opportunity for males to extra pair mate
• opportunity to interfere with competitor's RS.

• donor +
• receiver +

• Donor + (delayed)
• Recipient +

• donor -
• recipient +

• donor +
• recipient -

• donor -
• recipient -

• Production - development of recognition cues (environmental vs. genetic, acquired vs. endogenous)
• perception- development of template,
• Action - how does discrimnator act based on his/her assessment of the degree of familiarity between recognition template and recognition cues

production, perception, and action all encoded by the single gene or set of tightly linked genes. The recognition template is not learned.

Template where location is learned to compare....Does not work when relatives are from unfamiliar locations, and may benefit unrelated individuals who happened to be in that location

highly specific where only the familiar individuals (during the early development when the template is being learned) are recognized. Might not work when there are other relatives that were born after the developmental stage (which is common in large community based species like honey bees)

Referent used (i.e. armpit smelling). Allows recognition of unfamiliar kin.

It is based on the nest site association- the nest's odor, not from nest mates themselves. the nests provide unique hydrocarbon in the cuticles (production component).

• Based on:
• 1. benefits of accepting kins and rejecting non-kin.
• 2. fitness consequences of erroneously accepting non-kin and rejecting kin.
• 3/ relative frequency of interaction with kins and non kins.