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Body preservation techniques in 18th century deteriorated to
"saw-dust and tar" level
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One customary act of preserving the dead from the European continent was to let nobility and persons of high rank lay in state for
one week
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The desire to be buried "at home" led to
transportation of body
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With respect to preservation of the dead in the 19th century, the outstanding phenomenon appears to be the rapid
rise, spread and acceptance of a felt need for the body to be preserved as necessary preliminary to proper interment
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The impact of growing cities gives rise to the need for preservation of the dead along lines totally different from those reflected in the desire to have the body lie in state. This need appeared for whom?
poor and people far from home
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The most popular method of preserving bodies after death in this period was the application of
cooling with ice
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Describe a corpse cooler
cooling board, concave, metal, ice-filled box, equipted with lid, spigot and handles
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Sometime after the cooling operation had ceased, what were embalming tables still called?
"cooling boards"
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What did Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump invent?
"corpse cooler" or "refrigeratior for corpses"
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Describe the virtue the 19th century funeral directors placed in "air-tight" receptacles
basic; preserved body by keeping it enclosed in "air-tight" case; needed something more
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When did society demand chemical embalming and better methods to deter body decomposition?
1840-1860
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What did Dr. Richard Harlan do?
traveled to Europe to study, translated Jean Gannal's "History of Embalming"; brought back idea of arterial embalming with chemicals
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At the outbreak of the Civil War, chemical embalming by injection was first performed by whom?
Dr. Richard Harlan; physicians, anatomists, chemists
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Who was Thomas Holme?
"Father of American Embalming"
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Who is J. Anthony Gaussardia?
first patent for process of embalming method of injection of chemicals
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Between 1840 and 1860 experiments in the development and production of embalming fluid was carried out by whom?
physicians, anatomists, chemists
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Who invented the trocar? When?
Samuel Rogers, 1878
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What is the purpose of a trocar?
fluids might be injected into and throughout cavity trunk
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The rise of arterial embalming in the US is associated with whom?
Dr. Thomas Holmes
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Who was the first African-American embalmer
Prince Greer
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Established a system for determining through examination the qualifications of persons who sought to embalm the military dead and provide for the licensing of successful candidates; a precursor to the National Board Exam
Burr incident, Dr. Richard Burr
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Who manufactured a force pump for embalming?
John Epply & Hudson Sampson
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In 1907, this man established a school of embalming on Boston
A. Johnson Dodge
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Who discovered formaldehyde? When?
Alezander Mikhailovich Butlerov & Wilhelm Von Hofmann; 1868
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Who had a poineer role in setting up the early embalming schools and institutes?
Joseph H. Clark
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Who was one of the foremost teachers in his day and one of the best embalmers of the people in the late 1800's? ("Dean of Early Embalming")
Auguste Renouard
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From the Civil War to the end of the century, the development of a commercial enterprise in the compounding and distribution of embalming fluids led to the rise of what?
developing embalming schools and training users of fluid and use
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Known as "the Father of Embalming in the U.S."
Dr. Tomas Holmes
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What were some of the names of early embalming fluids?
Egyptian, Utopia, Oriental
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Who were some influential people in the development of embalming schools?
Auguste Renouard, Joseph H. Clark, A, Johnson Dodge
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What was the role of the chemical manufacturer? What did the salesman do?
Chemical manufacturer - made/experimented with chemicals for embalming
Salesman - sold/traveled and taught people how to use the chemicals for embalming and casket companies
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The ultimate battle of ______ versus _____ in favor of ________
Ice; Arsenic; Arterial & cavity embalming with fluids/chemicals
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Who was the pioneer and founder of the science of restorative art?
Joel Crandall
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Where did the word "hearse" come from?
French - herse, from Latin - hirpex (rake or harrow)
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Underbearers did what?
relieved the bearers
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Why were horse drawn behicles put into use for funeral transportation?
buriel grounds laid at greater distance from city
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Colonial America probably lacked the convenience of a hearse so what was probably used instead?
hand, wagon, or buckboard
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What kind of funeral car did James Cunningham design in 1884?
"funeral car"
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Who invented the eight poster oval decked funeral car?
Hudson Samson
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Who exhibited the most elaborate and outstanding fineral car of the 19th century at the Chicago World's fair?
Crane and Breed
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Undertakers of the late 1800s seemed to be on a buying cycle which recycled every ___ years
15
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What somber sight (as late as the 1920s) could be seen in Cleveland and Chicago carrying casket, mourners and flowers to suburban cemeteries?
trolley cars
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What innovation did Fred Hulberg propose?
combined hearse & passenger vehicle - combination of horse-drawn hearse, funeral trolley car, and automobile power plant
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Who was the first to add an auto-ambulance to their fleet in 1909?
Cunningham factory of Rochester, NY
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What marked the beginning of the tendency to blend hearses and other conveyances in the funeral procession?
Limousine hearses
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What was the innovation that made possible the loading of the body without the necessity of pallbearers walking out in the street and often into the snow and mud?
side-loading feature for hearses
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The first motor hearses were mounted on what?
truck chassis (open drivers cab type)
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Children's hearses were typically what color?
White
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Adult hearses were typically what color?
black (dark colors)
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What was the prevailing funeral mood of the late 19th century?
stiff formality overlaid heavily with gloom turned into beauty and expressiveness in latter (late 19th century)
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In the late 19th century, most deaths occurred where?
at home
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Describe the scene at the house in late 19th century America when a person died
hus fee, blinds drawn, people tiptoed and spoke in restrained tones (whispers)
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In the cities of the late 19th century, who took care of the body?
Undertaker
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In the rural area of the late 19th century, who prepared the body?
women of the home; neighbors, friends, family helped
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Where did embalming take place in the late 19th century?
in the home
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How were caskets selected in late 19th century?
catalog, display room/stock room, casket showroom
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Describe the funeral cortege of the late 19th century
procession: clergyman, flower carriage, honorary pallbearers, active pallbearers, herse, immediate family, friends
long line of coaches & carriages moving slowly toward cemetary, presented an imposing spectacle, helped generated sense of importance social group attached to matter, hearse led
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Who relieved the funeral director of a portion of his duties at the cemetery?
clergy sexton or cemetery superintendent
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The attitude change from gloom to beauty came about with the introduction of the
casket
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Describe the most likely mode of sepulture and memorialization used in the late 19th century
aspect of a park
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Coffin maker to furnishing undertaker to
Funeral Director
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Describe briefly the associational impulse
econmic revolution; agrarian society to characterized by industry, urbanism, and corporate business; trade union, trade association, colleagueship in professional organization
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Professional associations sought not only to formulate standards, control membership and enforce an inspectional system, but most of all
assure several clienteles of high personal charactor and good moral standards of members
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Who erected America's first crematory?
Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne
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Who were "drummers"?
fluid/casket salesman who relayed information back to undertakers and casket makers/chemical makers
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The first formal association of undertakers occurred where?
Philadelphia
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One of the first agents of communication to funeral directors was the
drummer
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The first trade magazine published in 1926 for the funeral industry was
"The Undertaker"
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Who published the first trade paper in 1871?
Henry E. Taylor
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Who controls your licensure?
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Who accredits the mortuary schools
ABFSE (American Board of Funeral Service Education)
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Who is responsible for the writing of the National Board Exam?
Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards
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One of the largest associations representing funeral service today
NFDA (National Funeral Directors Association)
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