Reproduction

Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in _.

Gametogenesis is the formation of _.

Gametes are _.

Term for reproductive cells is _.

Object of mitosis is to obtain _.

Meisosis leads to production for _ haploid cells.

Zygote is the _.

Term for fertilized egg is _.

Bivalent is the cell has _ of each chromosome.

Term for when a cell has two copies of each chromosome is _.

Each pair of homologous chromsomes form a _.

Tetrad is formed when _ come together.

First meiotic division separates tetrads so each daughter cell gets 2 copies of _.

First meiotic division separates the _ so that each daughter cell gets 2 copies of one of the two homologous chromosomes.

Tetrads are separated and each daughter cell gets 2 copies of one of the two homologous chromosomes in the _ meiotic division.

Second meiotic division divides each bivalent between the _.

Second meiotic division divides _ between the two daughter cells.

Each bivalnet is divided between two daughter cells in _ meiotic division.

End result of the two meiotic divisions is _.

Most genes exist in multiple, slightly different froms called _.

Alleles are _ forms of most genes.

Term for identical twins is _.

Spermatogenesis is the process of meiosis in the _.

Process of meiosis in male gonads is _.

Oogenesis is the process of meiosis in _.

Process of meiosis in female gonads is _.

Spermatid is a haploid cell that will become a _.

Spermatid is a _ that will become a functional gamete.

Haploid cell that will become a functional gamete is a _.

First meiotic division in oogenesis results in a _ and first polar body.

In first meiotic division, secondary oocyte receives _.

In first meiotic division _ receives almost all of the cytoplasm.

First meiotic division in oogenesis results in a secondary oocyte and a _.

In first meiotic division first polar body receives no _ and has no future as a gamete.

In first meiotic division, first polar body receives no cytoplasm and has _.

Secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division resulting in _ and a second polar body.

Secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division resulting in an ovum and a _.

Process of the ovary starts with a _ cell and ends with a _ cell.

Process in the testis results in _ of equal competence.

Primary oocytes are enclosed in a small chamber called a _.

Epididymis is a highly coiled tube that lies posterior to each testis and continues into a _.

Epididymis is a highly coiled tube that lies posterior to _ and continues into a straight tube.

Highly coiled tube that lies posterior to each testis and continues into a straight tube is the _.

Vas deferens leads from the scrotum through the inguinal canal into the _.

Vas deferens leads from the scrotum through the _ into the pelvic cavity.

Vas deferens leads from the _ through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity.

Leading from the scrotum through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity is the _.

Vas deferens is joined by a duct from the _.

Seminal vesicle secretes _.

At the point of entry of the duct from the seminal vesicle, the vas deferens join to form the _.

At the point of entry of the duct from the seminal vesicle, the _ join to form the ejaculatory duct.

Ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland and becomes the prostatic portion of the _.

Ejaculatory duct passes through the _ and becomes the prostatic portionof the urethra.

Duct that passes through the prostate gland and becomes the prostatic portion of the urethra is the _.

At the base of the penis is the paired _.

Bulbourethral glands are located at the _.

Chief function of the epididymis is as a site of _.

Sperm maturation takes place in the _.

Mature sperm are stored in the _.

Cremaster muscle elevates testes during _ and _.

Testes are elevated during cold exposure and sexual arousal by the _.

Scrotal cavity and abdominal cavity are connected by the _.

Inguinal canals connect the _ and _ cavities.

Body of the penis consists of two dorsal corpora cavernosa and the _.

Body of the penis consists of two _ and teh ventral corpus spongiosum.

Corpus spongiosum forms the _ of the penis at its base.

Corpus spongiosum forms the _ at the head of the penis.

Bulb of the penis is formed by the _.

Glans penis is formed by the _.

Corpora cavernosa expands at the base of the penis to form the _.

Penile crus is formed by the _.

During sexual arousal the parasympathetic nerves release the gaseous neurotransmitter _.

During sexual arousal the _ nerves release the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide.

Ischiocavernosus muscles located at the base of penis cause _.

Bulbocavernosus muscles at the base of the penis cause _.

Muscles at the base of the penis that cause ejaculation are the ischiocavernosus muscles and the _ muscles.

Muscles at the base of the penis that cause ejaculation are _ muscles and bulbocavernosus muscles.

Seminiferous tubules are interconnected tubules that comprise the _.

Seminiferous tubules carry spermatozoa to the _.

Many interconnected tubules that comprise the testis are the _.

Tubules that carry spermatozoa is carried to the epididymis by the _.

Sertoli cells line the _.

Seminiferous tubules are lined with _.

Sertoli cells support the developing _.

Developing gametes are supported by _ cells.

In spermiogenesis, each spermatid loses almost all of its cytoplasm and acquires a _.

In spermiogenesis, each spermatid loses _ and acquires a flagellar tail.

Spermatid has a midpiece with mitochondria that fuel the tail with _.

Spermatid has a midpiece with _ that fuel the tail with ATP.

Part of the spermatid that has mitochondria that fuels the tail with ATP is the _.

Spermatid head contains the _.

Spermatid head is surmounted with a _.

Acrosome projects from the _.

Acrosome contains enzymes that allows the sperm nucleus to _.

Enzyme that allows the sperm nucleus to enter to the ovum in fertilization is _.

Cells that surround the seminiferous tubules are called _.

Leydig cells surround the _.

Leydig cells secrete _.

Testosterone is secreted by _ cells.

Development and function of testes are controlled by the two gonadotropins _ and _.

Chief function of LH is to stimulate Leydig cells to secrete _.

Chief function of LH is to stimulate the _ to secrete testosterone.

Gonadotropin that stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone is _.

Chief functionof FSH is to stimulate seminiferous tubules to produce _.

Chief function of FSH is to stimulate _ to produce spermatozoa.

Gonadotropin that stimulates seminiferous tubules to produce spermatozoa is _.

Secretion of LH and FSH is driven by _.

Gonadotropin releasing factor (GRF) drives the secretion of _ and _.

Testosterone feed back on the adenohypophysis inhibits _ secretion.

Sertoli cells release a protein hormone called _.

Inhibin is released by _.

Inhibin provides negative feedback for _ release.

Opening of the Fallopian tube is termed _.

Infundibulum is the _.

Infundibulum is surrounded with fimbriae that radiate around the _.

Infundibulum is surrounded with _ that radiate around the ovary.

Function of the Fallopian tubes is to _.

Broad ligaments attach the uterus and the Fallopian tubes to either side of the _.

Broad ligaments attach the uterus and _ to either side of the pelvic cavity.

Broad ligaments attach the _ and Fallopian tubes the either side of the pelvic cavity.

Uterus and Fallopian tubes are attached to the pelvic cavity by the _.

Uterosacral ligaments connect the uterus to the _.

Uterosacral ligaments attach the _ to the sacrum.

Uterus is connected to the sacrum by the _.

Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments connect the cervix and vagina to the _.

Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments connect the cervix and _ to the pelvic wall.

Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments connect the _ and vagina to the pelvic wall.

Cervix and vagina are connected to the pelvic wall by the _.

Round ligaments reinforce the _.

Broad ligament is reinforced by _.

Position of ovaries relative to the uterus and Fallopian tubules is maintained by the _.

Position of the ovaries relative to the uterus and _ is maintained by the ovarian ligaments.

Position of the ovaries relative to the _ and Fallopian tubules is maintained by the ovarian ligaments.

Position of _ relative to the uterus and Fallopian tubules is maintained by the ovarian ligaments.

Mesovarium attaches the ovary to the _.

Mesovarium attaches the _ to the broad ligament.

Ovary is attached to the broad ligament by the _.

Uterus is lined with _.

Uterine endometrium is composed of the stratum basalis and the _.

Uterine endometrium is composed of the _ and the stratum functionalis.

Stratum basalis of the uterus is the regenerative part of the _.

Stratum basale of the uterus is the _ part of the mucosa.

Regenerative part of the mucosa in the uterus is the _.

Stratum functionalis is the superficial layer that is _.

Stratum functionalis is the _ layer that is shed in menstruation.

Superficial layer of the uterus that is shed in menstruation is the _.

Uterine myometrium is composed of _ muscle.

Lining of the uterus that is composed of smooth muscle is the _.

Outer layer of the uterus lining is the _.

Perimetrium is the _ layer of the uterine lining.

Perimetrium is an extension of the _.

Part of the uterine lining that is an extension of the parietal peritoneum is the _.

Mucosa of the vagina contains large amounts of _.

Term vulva designates the _.

Term for external female genitalia is _.

Mons pubis is a fatty elevation situated over the _.

Fatty elevation situated over the pubic symphysis is the _.

Greater vestibular glands are also the _.

Bartholin's glands are the paired _.

Bartholin's glands secrete _.

During sexual excitement, _ secretes lubricating fluid.

Ovary is surrounded by _ epithelium.

Internal to the germinal epithelium of the ovary is the _.

Tunica albuginea is the _ layer to the germinal epithelium of the ovary.

Tunica albuginea is a capsule of _.

Mass of the ovary is composed of a meshwork of _.

In the outer stroma are _ in various stages of maturation.

Ovarian follicles in various stages of maturation is located in the _.

Innermost structure surrounding the primary oocyte is the _.

Zona pellucida is the innermost layer surrounding the _.

Zona pellucida is the _ structure surrounding the primary oocyte.

Middle layer of the structure surrounding the primary oocyte is the _.

Granulosa cells is the _ layer of the structure surrounding the primary oocyte.

Outer layer of the structure that surrounds the primary oocyte is the _.

Theca cells are the _ layer of the structure surrounding the primary oocyte.

Theca cells are homologus to the _ cells of the testes.

Homologous to the Leydig cells of the testes are the _ of the ovary.

Theca cells convert cholesterol to _.

Theca cells convert _ to androgen.

In the ovary, _ converts cholesterol to androgen.

Androgen passes to granulosa cells, which converts the androgen to _.

Androgen passes to _, which converts the androgen to estrogen.

Major form of estrogen secreted by maturing follicles is _.

Estradiol is the major form of _ secreted by maturing follicles.

During menstruation levels of estradiol and progesterone are _.

During menstruation levels of FSH are _ and LH are _.

During menstruation levels of _ are high and _ are low.

FSH stimulates a dozen or so primary follicles to begin _.

FSH stimulates a dozen or so _ to begin maturation.

Primary follicles are stimulated to begin to mature by _.

Primary follicle that has reached maturity and is ready for ovulation is a _.

Graafian follicle is a primary follicle that has reached full maturity and is ready for _.

Graafian follicle is a primary follicle that has _ and is ready for ovulation.

Graafian follicle is a _ that has reached full maturity and is ready for ovulation.

Primary follicles that do not mature undergo _.

First part of the menstrual cycle is called the _ phase.

Proliferative phase is the _ part of the menstrual cycle.

Spike of LH causes mature Graafian follicles to rupture and release _.

Spike of LH causes the mature Graafian follicle to _ and release its primary oocyte.

Spike of LH causes_ to rupture and release its primary oocyte.

Mature Graafian follicle ruptures and releases its primary oocyte due to a _.

After ovulation, remnant of the ovarian follicle transforms into a _.

Corpus luteum is transformed from the _.

Corpus luteum secretes estradiol and _.

Corpus luteum secretes the _ and progesterone.

In an infertile cycle the corpus luteum terminates and becomes a _.

Corpus albicans is from the termination of the _.

Pregnancy ends with the process of _.

Parturition is the process of the _.

Surrounding the zona pellucida are follicular cells that compose the _.

Corona radiata surrounds the _.

Capacitation makes it possible for spermatozoa to _.

Process that makes it possible for spermatozoa to fertilize an ovum is _.

Immediately after fertilization the zygote forms a ball of cells called a _.

Morula is a ball of cells formed by the zygote after _.

Morula is a ball of cells formed by the _ immediately after fertilization.

Morula is a _ formed by the zygote immediately after fertilization.

While the zygote is free in the uterus is forms a hollow ball of several hundred cells called a _.

Blastocyst is formed by the zygote that is _.

Blastocyst is formed by the _ that is free in the uterus.

Blastocyst is in the form of a hollow ball made of _.

Blastocyst is a form of a _ made of several hundred cells.

Blastocyst will become the _.

Outer cells of the blastocyst become the _.

Trophoblast is the _ cells of the blastocyst.

First priority for the blastocyst is to _.

At the first step of implantation, the cells of the trophoblast _.

Inner layer of the trophoblast is called the _.

Cytotrophoblast is the _ of the trophoblast.

Cytotrophoblat is composed of cells that _.

Part of the trophoblast that retains their cytoplasm is the _.

Outer layer of the trophoblast is the _.

Syncytiotrophoblast is the _ layer of the trophoblast.

In the syncitiotrophoblast, the cells merge to form a mass of cytoplasm with _.

Part of the trophoblast that merges to form a mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei is the _.

Syncytiotrophoblast sends out fingers into the _.

Fingers are sent out into the endometrium by the _.

Syncytiotrophoblast fingers secrete enzymes that _.

Syncytiotrophoblast is a barrier between the _ and the _.

Syncytiotrophoblast is a _ between the embryo and the mother.

Barrier between the embryo and the mother is the _.

After implantation, syncytiotrophoblast secretes _.

After implantation, _ secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a signal to the corpus luteum to _.

Signal to the corpus luteum to continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone after the 25-day cycle is the secretion of _.

Estrogen and progesterone are secreted for the _ trimester of pregnancy.

Two fetal membranes that enclose and protect the embryo are the amnion and the _.

Two fetal membranes that enclose and protect the embryo are the _ and the chorion.

Amnion encloses _.

Amniotic fluid is enclosed by the _.

Chorion forms fetal component of _.

Placenta is formed by the _.

Progesterone _ the uterine smooth muscle.

Chorionic somatomammotropin (fetal lactogen) stimulates breast development, fetal bone growth, and _.

Chorionic somatomammotropin (fetal lactogen) stimulates breast development, _, and maternal lipid metabolism.

Chorionic somatomammotropin (fetal lactogen) stimulates _, fetal bone growth, and maternal lipid metabolism.

Breast development is stimulated by the placental hormone _.

Fetal bone growth is stimulated by the placental hormone _.

Maternal lipid metabolism is stimulated by the placental hormone _.

Relaxin is initially secreted by the corpus luteum and later by the _.

Relaxin is initially secreted by the _ and later by the placenta.

Relaxin softens the _ and _.

Cervix and uterus is softened by the placental hormone _.

Relaxin softens the connective tissue between the bones of the _.

Connective tissue between the bones of the pelvic girdle are softened by the placental hormone _.

Trophoblast arranged into an embryonic disk consists of a layer of _ and a layer of _.

Epiblast and hypoblast are layers of the trophoblast that has arranged itself into _.

Embryonic disk lies between the _ and the _.

Epiblast faces the _ of the embryonic disk.

Amnion of the embryonic disk is faced by the _.

Hypoblast faces the _ of the embryonic disk.

Yolk sac of the embryonic disk is faced by the _.

Gastrulation is the migration of some cells of the epiblast layer into the space _.

Some cells of the epiblast detach and migrate to a space between the epiblast and hypoblast is a process called _.

Gastrulation establishes three _.

Primary germ layer: outer ectoderm was originally the _.

Primary germ layer: the _ was originally the epiblast.

Primary germ layer: inner endoderm was originally the _.

Primary germ layer: the _ was originally the hypoblast.

Primary germ layer: the intermediate _.

Notochord becomes the _ of the embryonic disk.

Cephalic-caudal axis of the embryonic disks develops from the _.

Notochord induces the formation of a raised _ of ectodermal cells.

Neural plate is formed from the _.

Neural plate closes over to form the _.

Neural tube is formed by the closing over of the _.

Neural tube is the precursor of the _.

Precursor of the nervous system is the _.

Mesodermm adjacent to the neural tube divides into a series of blocks called _.

Somites are a series of blocks derived from the division of the _.

Brachial (pharyngeal) arches differntiate the structures of the _.

Structures of the ear are differentiate from _.

Fetus is connected to the placenta by the _.

Fetus is connectedto the _ by the umbilical cord.

Umbilical vein connects to the _ circulation of the fetus.

Hepatic circulation of the fetus is connected by the _.

Ductus venosus bypasses the _ circulation.

Hepatic circulation is bypassed by the _.

Ductus venosus allows blood flow along the umbilical vein to go directly to the _.

Output of the fetal right heart is directed into _.

Two vascular shunts of the fetal heart allows the output of the right heart to _.

Output of the fetal right heart bypasses the lungs by _.

Two vascular shunts of the fetal heart are the foramen ovale and the _.

Two vascular shunts of the fetal heart are the _ and the ductus arteriosus.

Foramen ovale is between the _ and _ of the fetal heart.

Ductus arteriosus is between the _ and _ of the fetal heart.

Vascular shunt between the left and right atria of the fetal heart is the _.

Vascular shunt between the pulmonary artery and aorta of the fetal heart is the _.

Two umbilical arteries connect to the fetal systemic loop as branches of the _.

Two umbilical arteries connect the _ as branches of the iliac arteries.

Fetal Hb consists of _ and _ subunits.

Removal of the placenta shuts off most blood flow through the _.

Removal of the _ shuts off most blood flow through the ductus venosus.

Ductus venosus closes within _ of birth.

Inflation of the lungs at birth causes the flow resistance of the pulmonary loop to drop below that of the _.

Inflation of the lungs at birth causes the flow resistance of the pulmonary loop to _ that of the systemic loop.

Flow resistance of the pulmonary loop drops below that of the systemic loop due to the _ at birth.

As a result of inflation of the lungs at birth, blood flow through the foramen ovale _.

As a result of inflation of the lungs at birth, blood flow through the _ reverses.

Blood flow through the foramen ovale reverses due to the _ at birth.

After birth the ductus arteriosus first constricts, and then _.

After birth, ductus arteriosus first _, and then closes permanently.

Ductus arteriosus forms a ligament-like remnant called the _.

Ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of the _.

Ligamentum arteriosum forms within _ after birth.

First (dilation) stage of true labor begins with the _.

Stage of true labor that begins with the onset of regular uterine contractions is the _.

Second (expulsion) stage of labor begins when the _.

Stage of labor that begins when the cervix is completely dilated is the _.

Second (expulsion) stage lasts until _.

Stage that ends when the baby passes through the birth canal is the _.

Third (placental) stage of labor is _.

Stage of labor when placenta and fetal membranes are delivered is _.

Mesonephric ducts are potential _ structures.

Potential male structures are _.

Paramesoneprhic ducts are potential _ structures.

Potential female structures are _.

Presence of the _ carried by the Y chromosome steers the primitive gonad in the direction of becoming a testis.

Individual who lack one X chromosome develop a female body plan, but their ovaries _.

Individuals who develop a female body plan, but their ovaries do not develop lack _.

Individuals who lack one X chromosome are _ sex genotype.

XO sex genotype are individuals who _.

XO sex genotype is _.

Turner's syndrome is _ sex genotype.

Individual who have the XXY sex genotyp have a female body plan, but _.

Individuals who have a male body plan but testicular function is impaired have the _ sex genotype.

XXY sex genotype is _.

Klinefelter's syndromem is _ sex genotype.

Internal male accessory structure is the _ system.

Wolffian system is the internal _ accessory structure.

Internal female structure is the _.

Mullerian system is the internal _ accessory structure.

Testosterone stimulates the differentiaton of the _ system.

Wolffian system differentiation is stimulated by _.

Mullerian-inhibiting factor causes the _ of the Mullerian system.

Deterioration of the Mullerian system is caused by _.