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scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychology
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4 Goals of Psychology
- Description: What is happening?
- Explanation: Why is it happening?
- Prediction: When will it happen again?
- Control: How can it be changed?
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tendency of observers to see what they want to see
observer bias
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Schools of Psychology
structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, psychoanalysis, psychodynamic, behaviorism, humanistic
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Structure or basic elements of the mind (Edward Titchner)
Stucturalism
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focus on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, & play (William James)
functionalism
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focus on perception and sensation, perception of patterns and whole figures (Max Wertheimer)
Gestalt
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theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
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focuses on observable behavior; operant conditioning of voluntary behavior (John Watson)
Behaviorism
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Modern version of psychoanaylsis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations
psychodynamic
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emphasizes free will and human potential (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow)
Humanistic
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Steps of scientific method
- Perceiving the Question
- Forming a Hypothesis
- Testing the hypothesis
- Drawing Conclusions
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memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving and learning
Cognitive
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¥branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons¥attached to the cell body, the soma, which is the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning
dendrite
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grey fatty cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neuron
glial cells
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What are the parts of a neuron?
dendrite, soma, axon
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cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of a cell
soma
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tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells
axon
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all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run rhough the body itself
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry info from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
somatic nervous system
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division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands
automatic nervous system
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6 types of brain imaging
- deep lesioning
- electroencephalograph (EEG)
- computed tomography (CT)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Functional MRI (fMRI)
- positron emission tomography (PET)
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insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire
deep lesioning
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machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical acitvity of the surface of the brain
electroencephalograph (EEG)
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brain imaging method using computer controlled x-rays of the brain
computed tomography (CT)
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braing imaging mehtod using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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computer makes a sort of movie of changes in activity of the brain using images from different time periods
functional MRI
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brain imaging method in which a readioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer complies a coor coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity
Positron emission tomography (PET)
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Why is learning thought to be permanent?
because when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they've learned
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learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
classical conditioning
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Who is the father of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov (salivating dogs)
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a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
unconditioned stimulus
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an involuntary response to a naturally occuring ot unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
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stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
neutral stimulus
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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflec response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
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learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
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the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similiar to the priginal conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
stimulus generalization
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the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
spontaneous recovery
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the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of an reinforcer
extinction
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development of a nausea or aversice response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association
conditioned taste aversion
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any behavior that is voluntary
operant
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law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequences, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Law of Effect
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any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
reinforcement
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who first coined the term operant conditioning?
BF Skinner
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reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or aviodance of an unpleasant stimulus
negative reinforcement
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reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
positive reinforcement
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3 steps of the memory process
encoding, storage, retrieval
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3 stages of information-processing model
sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory
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first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the semsory system
sensory memory
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working memory; memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.
short term memory
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ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all the sensory input
selective attention
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system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
long term memory
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"cocktail party effect"
selective attention is responsible for this. When you're at a noisy party, but you are still able to hear when someone calls out your name through all the noise and conversations around you.
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working memory?
short term memory; actively processing the info at any given moment
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"visual sketchpad"
STM tends to be encoded in auditory form, some images are stored in a kind of visual aketchpad, but auditory storage accounts for much of STM encoding.
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"central executive"
proposed the STM consists of three interrelated systems. a central executive that controls and coordinates the other two systems, "the visual sketchpad" and a kind of auditory "recorder"
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3 types of rehearsal (STM)
maintenance rehearsal, chunking, magical number 7
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practice of saying some info to be remembered over and over in one's head in order maintain it in STM
maintenance rehearsal
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process of recoding, or reorganizing the info.
Ex: remembering a telephone number in 3 groups 770-513-9909
chunking
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emotional distress or emotional pain while engaging in a particular behavior
subjective discomfort (distress)
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anything that does not allow a erson to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life
maladaptive (dysfunction)
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defining abnormality is to see it as something that goes against norms or standards of the society in which the individual lives
social norm deviance
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models of abnormality
- biological: psychological disorder have biological or medical cause
- psychological:explain disordered behavior as a result of various forms of emotional, behavioral, or thought relating malfunctioning
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psychological model of abnormality
- psychoanaylsis: exaplains as a result og repressing or hiding one's threatening thoughts, memories or concerns in the unconcious mind
- behavorism: explains as being learned
- cognitive: explains as result of illogical thinking patterns
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disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
anxiety disorders
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4 anxiety disorders
phobic disorders, obessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder
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anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, knwon source
free floating anxiety
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an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social acitivity
phobia
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disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions vreate anxiety that is reliever by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior(compulsion)
obsessive-compulsive disorder
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disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life
pain disorder
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disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more
generalized anxiety disorder
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mood disorders
major depression and bipolar disorder
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servere depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause
major depression
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disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two yrs or more
cyclothymia
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a moderate depression that lasts for two yrs or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor
dysthymia
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servere mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
bipolar disorder
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nondirective, client talks through problems, and therapist provides supportive background
humanistic or person centered therapy
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teaches client thinking may be distorted
cognitive therapy
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goals are to change illogical or distorted thinking, relieve symptoms/problems, develop strategies to solve future problems, and to change irrational, distorted thinking
cognitive behavorial therapy
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