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What type of enteritis is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, epitheloid cells and giant cells?
Granulomatous enteritis
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What type of enteritis is caused by chronic villous atrophy with high turn-over rates of epithelium?
Granulomatous enteritis
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What are the different possible causes of diffuse granulomatous inflammation? 4
- Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle (Johne's disease)
- Hisoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum in dogs)
- Pythiosis (Pythium insidiosum)
- Salmon poisoning of dog (Neoricketsia helminthoeca)
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What are some possible causes of nodular granulomatous inflammation of the intestines? 2
- Oesophagostomiasis in ruminants in pigs
- Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) coronavirus
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What are some diseases that cause proliferative lesions in mucosa or serosa? 4
- Proliferative enteritis (pigs)
- Proliferative ileitis/typhlitis/colitis (hamsters, puppies, foals, rabbits)
- Chronic coccidiosis (sheep and goats)
- Canine parvovirus 1
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What is the cause of proliferative enteritis in postweaning pigs (pigs > 4 weeks of age)? 2
- Lawsonia intracellularis
- Campylobacter-like organism
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What disease is characterized by nodular polypoid structures about 0.3 - 1.5 cm in diameter encountered in the small intestine mucosa?
Chronic coccidiosis
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What are some possible causes of hemorrhagic enteritis? 6
- Bacteria
- Parasites
- Idiopathic
- Lawsonia intracellularis
- Canine and feline parvovirus
- Bovine chlamydiosis
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What bacteria cause hemorrhagic enteritis? 4
- Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
- Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
- Citrobacter freundii
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What parasites cause hemorrhagic enteritis? 4
- Coccidiosis
- Trichuris sp.
- Ancylostoma sp.
- Strongylus edentatus
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What bacteria causes swine dysentery in 8 to 14 week old pigs?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
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What bacteria causes hemorrhagic lesions in the small intestine and colon?
Citrobacter freundii
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What parasite causes hemorrhages in the cecum/colon, diarrhea, anemia, and hypoproteinemia?
Trichuris sp.
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What parasite is the cause of degeneration, loss of villous enterocytes, hemorrhage, and diphtheresis?
Acute coccidiosis
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What parasite is the cause of multifocal ulcerations with hemorrhages in intestines?
Ancylostoma sp.
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What parasite is the cause of irregular hemorrhagic subserosal plaques on the antimesenteric margin of the ileum and other segments of gut?
Strongylus edentatus
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What bacteria is the cause of fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis, submucosal vascular thrombi and ischemic necrosis cause characteristic round "button" ulcers in the spiral colon of pigs?
Salmonella sp.
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What gram +ve rod causes necrosis of GALT with an extension to overlying epithelium and pyogranulomatous, fibrinonecrotic to ulcerative ileotyphlocolitis?
Rhodococcus equi (foals)
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What viruses cause fibrinonecrotic/ulcerative lesions in the intestines? 3
- BVD/mucosal disease (cattle)
- Rinderpest (cattle)
- Malignant cararrhal fever
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What virus of cattle causes the loss of undifferentiated crypt cells, necrosis of GALT, focal degeneration of epithelial cells resulting in a fibrinonecrotizing/ulcerative enterocolitis?
BVD/mucosal disease
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What is the most commonly reported cause of protein-losing enteropathy in dogs?
Lymphangiectasia
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What are the possible causes of lymphangiectasia? 3
- Congenital (lymph vessels did not develop properly)
- Idiopathic
- Lymph vessel obstruction
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Lymphangiectasia causes the small intestinal mucosa to look like what?
White shag carpet
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What is a hereditary change associated with an increase in the number of myofibers in muscles?
Muscular hyperplasia (calves and lambs)
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Which breed of cattle is more prone to muscular hyperplasia? 2
- Charolais cattle
- Belgian Blue
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What muscle disease is the cause of splaying of the limbs to the side (abduction) in pigs?
Myofibrillar hypoplasia
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What are some possible causes of myofibrillar hypoplasia in pigs? 3
- Hereditary
- Teratogenic causes (Zearalenone: Fusarium roseum)
- Choline or methionine deficiency
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What animals is Myotonia (channelopathies) seen most in? 6
- Thoroughbreds
- Standardbreds
- Quarterhorses
- Goats, dogs and cats
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What disease is caused by sustained involuntary contraction of muscle groups?
Myotonia (channelopathies)
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What is the cause of myotonia (channelopathies)?
Defective chloride channel activity
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What disease is the cause of a genetic mutation in skeletal muscle sodium channels that affect quarterhorses?
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP)
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What are the results of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis? 3
- laryngospasms
- Trembling, weakness, collapse
- Metabolic acidosis - cardiotoxicity, pulmonary edema
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What group of hereditary and idiopathic diseases are characterized by progressive weakness and muscular degeneration because of the absence or presence of abnormal muscular proteins?
Muscular dystrophy
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What are some examples of muscular dystrophy in animals? 3
- Inherited in Merino sheep
- Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy
- Heritable Myopathy of Labrador Retrievers (HMLR)
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What are the three different responses to muscle injury? 3
- Degeneration
- Necrosis
- Regeneration
-
What muscle injury response is characterized by glistening, white, chalky foci (streaks) in the muscle?
Degeneration
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What muscle injury response is characterized by pallor, dry and gritty muscle? 2
- Necrosis
- Metabolic acidosis - cardiotoxicity, pulmonary edema
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