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What are some possible causes of gastric dilation in horses? 4
- Obstruction, displacement
- Grass sickness or dysautonomia (Northern Europe)
- Ingestion of poorly digestable substances
- Degeneration of autonomic ganglia
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What are some possible causes of chronic gastric dilation in canids? 3
- Secondary to gastric ulcer
- Gas accumulation
- Ganglionic death
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What are some possible causes of rumen dilation in cows? 3
- Overeating
- Poor quality feed
- Vagal indigestion
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What are some possible causes of acute gastric dilation in monkeys? 2
- New keeper
- Overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens
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What are some possible causes of abomasal displacement in dairy cows? 3
- Intraabdominal pressure from advanced pregnancy
- Large amounts of high energy feed
- Genetic predisposition
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At post-mortem how do you identify abomasal displacement in dairy cows?
Gas-filled atonic abomasum lying on left side of the rumen
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What are some dog breeds are predisposed to GDV? 5
- German shepherds
- Great Danes
- Irish Setters
- Basset hound
- Bloodhound
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What lesions are associated with GDV? 5
- Distended by gas and fetid fluid
- Venous infarction - congestion
- Edema
- Hemorrhage
- Necrosis of wall
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What is the cause of Pig-edema disease?
Enterotoxin from E. coli
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Where do you see edema in pig-edema disease? 6
- Eyelid
- Forehead
- Stomach
- Spiral colon
- Gall bladder
- Mesentery
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What is the cause of Habronemiasis (granulomatous inflammation) in horses?
Draschia megastoma (nodules near margo plicatus)
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What is the cause of canine pythiosis (granulomatous inflammation)?
Pythium insidiosum
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What are some common parasites that cause granulomatous inflammation in the stomach? 4
- Draschia megastoma
- Pythium insidiosum
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What are the different causes of hemorrhagic inflammation in the stomach? 4
- Parasitic (hemonchosis)
- Bacterial
- Uremic gastritis
- Canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)
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What are different bacteria associated with hemorrhagic inflammation in the stomach? 2
- Clostridium perfringens (GDV)
- Clostridium septicum (Braxy caused by frozen feeds)
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Which breeds of dogs is canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) most common?
Small breeds of dogs (toy and miniature)
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What are some possible causes of ulcerative gastritis? 4
- Uremia
- Stress ulcers in pigs
- Bovine leukosis
- Equine bots
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What parasite causes chronic hyperplastic abomastitis and is the cause of the abomasum having a multinodular apperance that resembles Morocco leather and cobblestone?
Ostertagia spp. (cattle)
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What are some parasites that cause chronic hyperplastic gastritis or abomasitis? 5
- Ostertagia sp. (cattle)
- Nochtia nocti (monkey)
- Habronema spp. (horses)
- Trichostrongylus axei (horse)
- Hyostrongylus rubidus (pigs)
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What are the different possible causes of gastric ulceration/species? 5
- Stress (all species)
- Feed of fine consistency, anorexia (pig)
- Dietary changes (cows)
- Secondary to mast cell tumors (dog, cat)
- Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs (horses)
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What are the possible pathogenesis that lead to gastric ulceration? 2
- Hypersecretion
- Compromised mucosal protective mechanisms
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What is a red to brown crater-like focus found in the stomach that has a white depressed scar if healed?
Gastric ulcer
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What are some common sites of gastric ulcers in pigs?
Esophageal region of stomach
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What are some common sites of gastric ulcers in horses? 3
- Esophageal region
- Margo plicatus
- Pyloric region
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What are some common sites of gastric ulcers in dogs? 2
- Pyloric region
- Proximal duodenum
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What are some common sites of abomasal ulcers in cattle?
Pyloric region
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What neoplastic disease in the cow is a white fleshy infiltration of the abomasal wall with overlying mucosal ulceration (Associated with BLV)?
Abomasal lymphosarcoma
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What neoplastic disease in the horse originates from squamous epithelium in the esophageal region, infiltrates wall and implants on serosal surfaces of peritoneal cavity?
Squamous cell carcinoma
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What neoplastic disease is often associated with the primate parasite Nochtia nocti and is often ulcerated?
Adenocarcinoma
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What is the absence of a normal opening or normally patent lumen?
Atresia
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What is the most common type of atresia in domestic animals?
Atresia coli (segmental atresia)
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What is stricture of the intestines?
Stenosis
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What is luminal obstruction?
Obturation
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What is a twist of the intestines around the mesenteric attachment PERPENDICULAR to the long axis of the gut?
Volvulus
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What is a twist of the intestines around the mesenteric attachment parallel to the long axis of the gut?
Torsion
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What is telescoping of proximal segment of bowel into distal segment?
Intussusception
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What are possible causes of edema related to the intestines? 2
- Alimentary tract parasites
- E. coli in pigs
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What are some possible causes of thrombosis, embolism or infarction in the intestines?
- Arterial infarction and thromboembolism (Strongylus vulgaris)
- Venous infraction (strangulations and twists)
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What viruses cause villous atrophy through acute loss of villous epithelial cells, which spp? 3
- Coronavirus (pigs, dogs, turkeys, ferrets, etc...)
- Rotavirus (mammals)
- Adenovirus
- Enteric Calicivirus, Breda virus
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What are some possible results of necrotizing enteritis? 3
- Inflammation
- Loss of villous epithelial cells
- Loss of crypt epithelial cells (radiomimetic lesioin)
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What is the cause of villous atrophy through acute loss of crypt epithelial cells (radiomimetic lesion)? 2
- Enteric parvovirus (dog, cat)
- Panleukpenia virus (mink)
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