Brad\'s Final Part 2.txt

WBC's that are normally seen in the peripheral blood are:

Neutophils, eosinophilsm and basophils are included in the general catagory of?

Are also known as polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes and segmented neutrophilic granulocytes.

Neutrophils usually constitute __________of the blood's WBCs

less mature neutophil in which the nucleus has not yet segmented.

Bands make up _______ of the WBCs but increase dramatically with severe infection.

In various abnormal conditions, the more immature cells may be seen:

Contain enzymes that destroy bacteria and other invaders. They are capable of phagocytosis.

WBCs come in five different types, the most commonof which is the?

are produced in the bone marrow where they are stored in lerge numbers.

How long are neutophils in the blood before they pass into the tissues where they perform therir primary function and die soon after.

The life span of a neutrophil is about ______ from myeloblast in the bone marrow to its death in the tissues.

The neutrophil spends a shorter time in the bone marrow pool when?

Once neutrophils pass into the circulating blood, they are continuopusly and rapidly exchanged between two intravascular pools:

Represents neutophils that are freely circulating in the bloodstream.

represents a large number of neutrophils that are adhering to the walls of the blood vessels.

Marginated neutrophils are not counted in the?

Neutrophils shift from one pool to the other based on?

Physical or emotional stress causes a sudden release of catecholamines that liberates a large number of marginated neutrophils and results in what is called:

occurs when a large number of the neutrophils in the circulating pool shirt to the marginated pool.The actual number of neutrophils in the intrvascular pool is not decreased with this.

a type of granulocyte with large granules that stain bright red.

have large granules that strongly take up the basic stain (dark blue to purple)

These cells appear to hvae complementary interactions in allergic reactions.

these also help defend the body against parasitic infestations.

Eosinophils make up _______ of WBCs

Basophils make up _____ of WBCs

These cells are important in defence agains viral, TB and fungal infections

two types of lymphocytes

lyphocytes involved with cell mediated immunity

lymphocytes that are involved in antibody production

Lymphocytes make up _______ of WBCs. Most are T cells

separation of T cells abd B cells can be done only with special studies. These studies have a spcial anitbody that react with the T or B cell. That antibody is called

T cells ahve two sub groups:

AKA inducer cells provide help for anibody production and other immune responses and identified by a unique surface antigen known as CD4.

these cells play a role in suppressing or dampening immune responses. Uniques antogen CD8 and called T8 cells.

CD4 counts provide infor about PT's w/?

the largest WBC, make sup 2-10% of leukocytes and is know as a macrophage

The primary function of the monocyte is?

In the lung, these play a key role in clearing inhaled particualte matter.

is an abnormal increase in the WBC count

An abnormal decrease in the WBC count is known as

an increase in neutrophils is called neutrophilia or a

a decrease in neutrophils is called

Increase of neutophils as a result of proliferation of cells in the bone marrow.

Increase of neutrophils as a result of stimulation of the bone marrow secondary to other diseases or disorders,

is common responce to inflamation and infection

Significant leukocytosis with a left shift (increase in bands) indicates the bone marrow is attempting to respond to

occurs when marginated neutrophils are shifted to the circulating pool and are counted in the CBC

aka eosinophilic leukocytosis (increase in eosinophils) is often seen in allergic states and parasitic infestations

eosinophilic leukocytosis (increase in eosinophils) is often seen in allergic states and parasitic infestations ______, but it can also be seen in certain skin and gastrointestinal disorders

increase in basophils) is associated with many of the same disorders that cause eosinophilia and myeloproliferative disorders.

is a generic term that includes spirometry and flow volume loop (FVL) before and after bronchodilator inhalation, lung volume studies, and diffusion capacity (DL) studies.sometimes also includes airway resistance (Raw), arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements, pulmonary response to exercise, and bronchial provocation.

measures inspiratory and expiratory airflow rates and usable lung volume

evaluate both usable and residual lung volumes

measure lung alveolar surface area available for gas exchange

assess the balance between ventilation and lung perfusion

measures physical responses to exercise.

measures the airway response to noxious stimuli and is useful in identifying patients with asthma.

is the most important factor influencing lung size and predicted values.

Weight is relatively unimportant in determining lung volumes and flow rates unless they have a BMI of

Males generally have larger lung volumes and flow rates, but who achieves max. lung volume at a younger age?

may be relatively accurately calculated by measuring the inside of the chest wall to determine total intra-thoracic volume, then measuring the outside of the heart and great vessels to determine intrathoracic tissue volume

is the amount of gas left in the lung after the patient exhales all that is physically possible. It is obtained from the studies already described in the TLC section

can be determined by subtracting the SVC from the TLC or by subtracting the ERV from the FRC (described later). It is usually increased when air trapping is present.

is the volume that can be maximally exhaled from a resting lung status. It can be easily measured with a spirometer. Obesity, poor effort, and restrictive lungs reduce it.

is the amount of gas left in the chest when the patient is at resting lung status. It is obtained with the studies already described in the TLC section. It represents a balance between the expanding chest wall forces and the contractile rebound forces of elastic lung tissue.

an age-related, progressive, bilateral hearing loss, is the most common cause of auditory impairment in the United States. This condition affects about 23% of adults between the ages of 65 and 75 years. In the 70- to 80-year-old age group, as many as 50% of older adults have hearing impairment that actually affects their communication skills

defined as a symptom rather than a disease, is also more prevalent in the elderly.is an auditory perception not caused by external sounds. It may be described as ringing, buzzing, roaring or chirping.

is defined as a damaging effect on the eighth cranial nerve or in the organs of hearing or balance. The diminished hearing capacity that health care practitioners observe in institutionalized patients may be inflated

Simple and accurate methods assess the presence or absence of hearing loss. Some that are commonly used are :

a normal age-related change in the lens of the eye, usually results in correctable farsightedness. can occur in adults as early as age 40, it is much more common in older adults

has been identified as the second most prevalent disability in adults over age 65 years

Low pH of plasma. An abnormal buil-up of hydrogen ions in the blood.

A pH less than normal.

High pH of plasma. An abnormal decrease in they hydrogen ion concentration of the blood.

A pH elevated above normal.

Occurs when the portion of the tidal volume (VT) that does not come into contact with blood flow is increased.

Abnormal elevation of PaCO2.

Abnormal elevation of arterial CO2 levels.

Abnormal decrease of PaCO2.

Abnormal decrease of arterial CO2 levels.

An abnormal reduction in the partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood.

A lack of oxygen.

The maximum amount of air the patient exhales after a fall, deep inspiration.

Adding two or more of the lung volumes together results in _________.

Are clinically useful measurements of lung function such as VT, IRV, or ERV.

The vlume of air inhaled or exhaled in 1 min.

A piece of equipment that measures a patient's airflows and volumes of gas moved over time.

Apiece of equipment that measures a patient's airflows and volumes of gas moved over time and is capable of displaying the information in graphic form.

The tracing produced by a spirograph.

These studies provide vital Info. about the patient's cardiopulmonary status. They measure the ability of the lungs to put O2 into, and remove CO2 from, the blood.

In the ABG test this is also analyzed. is often important to evaluate in the patient w/ cardiopulmonary disease.

What is the common site where and ABG is drawn?

How do you transport and ABG?

What must be removed from the blood sample before it is sent for analysis?

How long should you compress the site from and ABG draw?

means the partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood.

reflects the ability of the lungs to allow the transfer of O2 from the enviroment to the circulating blood.

will be affected with diffusion defect and by overall hypoventilation and may lead to hypoxemia

is a PaO2 below the predicted or normal range

Means SaO2

is an index of the actual amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin expressed as a percentage of the total capacity and can be determined only from a co-oximeter.

What is CaO2

is a function of the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in the plasma.

O2 assesment involves two basic steps.

O2 in the blood i primarily bound to?

A smaller portion of O2 compaired to the Hb is carried by?

SaO2 represents what?

Is the measurement of the pressure or tention of oxygen in the plasma of the arterial blood,

PaO2 reflects the ability of the lungs to allow the transfer of O2 from the enviroment to _______?

Normal PaO2 is based on three things, what are they?

As age increases the efficientcy of the lungs to oxygenate the blood is ___?

The Formula for PaO2.

One of the causes of hypoxemia, occurs in most patientswhen th inhaled gas does not match up with pulmonary cpillary blood flow.

Means ventilation/perfusion mismatch

A cause of hypoxemia, pulmonary capillary blood, which flows by alveoli that are not ventilated, does not pick up and O2 and thus returns to the systemic circulation unchanged.

Causes hypoxemia, is abnormalities in the lung structure that slow the diffusion of O2 from the inhaled gas through the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Hypoxemia caused by low breathing

A patient with lung disease will usually have hypoxemia due to both ______ and ______.

hypoxemia can be cause by breathing in____ or from a faulty machine?

Normal value of SaO2

is an index of actual amount of O2 bound to Hb and is expressed as a percentage of the total capacity.

True reliable SaO2 can only be calculated by a?

PaO2 and SaO2 have a non-linear relationship. True or false?
True False

Normal value of HbCO.

is a reflection of quantity of CO bound to the Hb molecules and can be obtained only from the co-oximeter

is a highly diffusable, odorless, and colorless gas that has an inffiinty for Hb 200 to 250 times that of O2.

Inhalation of gas containing CO will result in shifts of the oxyhemoglobin curve dissociation curve. It will curve to the ____?

Presence of CO does what to the CaCO2?

CO promoted Tissue

It reduces the O2 carrying capacity of the Hb and inhibits unloading of O2 at the tissue.

Occurs when the respiratory system fails to oxygenate arterial blood adequately.

Large P(A-a)O2 indicates?

Hypoxemia occuring with a normal P(A-a)O2 may be the result of?

if the sum of PaO2 and PaCo2 is 110 - 130 mmHg then the cause of hypoxemia is?

if the sum of PaO2 and PaCO2 is less than 110 mmHg then the cause of hypoxemia is?

if the sum of PaO2 and PaCO2 is greater than 130 mmHg than the cause of hypoxemia is?

Assessment if the Hb concentration from either the complete blood cell count or co-oximetry measuremtn is crucial for identiofying the potential for?

A reduction of CaO2 can occur with?

is identified when trhe O2 level drops below 90%

Cyanosis is not recognized in patients with ____.

remove a small amount of acid but help restore the buffer capacity of the body fluids by adding HCO3.

Resp. and renal disfunction may cause.

is an abnormal condition in which there is a primary reduction in alveolar ventilation relative to the rate of CO2 production. It indicates that ventilation is inadequate.

in acute respiratory acidosis Plasma HCO3 increases ____ for every 10-15mmHg that PaCO2 increases.

In chronic respiratory acidosis plasma HCO3 increases ____ for every 10-15 mmHG that PaCO2 increases.

is an abnormal condition in which there is a primary increase in alveolar ventilation relative to the rate of CO2 production.

Acute Resp. Alkal. will result in a decrease of HCO3 of ____ for every 5mmHg of PaCO2 decreases.

Chronic resp. alkal. will result in a decrease of HCO3 of _____ for every 10mmHG of PaCO2 decreases.

is a generic term that includes spirometry, flow volume loop, before and after bronchodialtor inhalation, lung volume studies, and diffusion capacity testing.

Average Tidal Volume?

Normal VE is?