Godlick 1-2.txt

• Identification of specific enzyme or enzyme activity using enzyme substrate
• sections incubated with substrate
• enzyme reacts with substrate
• reaction is visualized with color reagent in subsequent step

Identification of specific cellular or extracellular components using specific antibodies

• Three different dyes
• e.g., Can be used to evaluate fibrosis, status of elastin fibers
• Elastin = dark purple / black
• Collagen = blue
• Muscle = red
• RBC = Orange

• (various methods)
• Can be used to stain various cells, cellular structures and/or microorganisms
• e.g., Basal laminas, reticular fibers

• Stains simple and complex carbohydrates deep magenta
• microvilli-sugar rich cell coat

• Nucleic Acids BLUE
• a. A "basic" dye (i.e., positively charged)
• b. Attracted to negatively charged molecules (e.g., nucleic acids)
• c. Color = BLUE
• d. Examples of staining: nucleus, rough ER

• a. An "acidic" dye (i.e., negatively charged)
• b. Attracted to positively charged molecules (e.g., proteins)
• c. Color = RED
• d. E.A.R. (Eosin - Acid - Red)

bi-layer nature key to compartmentalizing can be appreciated with electron micrograph

• Energy Production
• Cell Death
• Ca2+ Storage

• SER is More abundant in some cells versus others.
• It is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis
• The site of drug detoxification
• (Example: cytochrome P450 which is abundant on the sER in the Liver).
• It is important In muscle, for storage & release of Ca2+ (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

• Membrane-bound spherical Organelles
• contain oxidative enzymes like catalase
• Fatty Acid Metabolism

• contains most of the cell’s DNA (mitochondria contain some too) as well as RNA and proteins.
• Surrounded by 2 lipid bilayers.
• Areas of active transcription are called “Euchromatin” (E).
• Areas of little or no active transcription are called “Heterochromatin” (H).
• These can be seen ultrastructurally.

• Epithelium
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nerve

• -Barrier
• Cover exterior surface (skin, eye)
• Line tubes that connect inside and outside (gut, respiratory)
• Line internal cavities of the body (peritoneum, pleural cavities, bladder)
• -Absorption (intestine)
• -Secretion (salivary or sweat glands)

• 1. Cells ordered and close together
• -connections between cells
• -communication (gap junctions)
• 2. Polarity
• -functional
• -structural-"hats"
• 3. No direct blood supply
• 4. Resting on a basement membrane
• 5. Separated from connective tissue

• Epithelia are classified by cell shape and cell arrangement on the surface layer
• Cell layers
• Simple(1 layer thick)
• Stratified (2 or more layers thick)
• Cell height and shape
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Cell height and Shape (the funky category)
• Pseudostratified
• Transitional

• Polarity
• Communication
• Adhesion

• part of the extracellular matrix
• Description
• Band of amorphous extracellular substance
• (50-100 nm thick)
• Separates all epithelium from underlying connective tissue
• Hard to see by conventional light microscopy
• Consists of:
• Type IV collagen
• Proteoglycans (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate)
• Glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, entactin)

• Type IV collagen
• Proteoglycans (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate)
• Glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, entactin)

• CRITICAL for normal epithelial cell structure and functiion
• -Anchor for epithelial cells
• Adhesion sites = hemidesmosomes
• Separates all epithelium from underlying connective tissue
• -Compartmentalization
• Separates epithelia from connective tissue
• -Filtration & Diffusion
• Epithelia is not vascularized
• -Polarity
• Induces formation of polarity (basal to apical)
• -Scaffolding
• Guide for embryogenesis, tissue regeneration and wound healing

• Actin filaments
• Increase surface area for absorption (e.g., small intestine)

• Microtubules (9 + 2 arrangement)
• They've got the beat (e.g., trachea, bronchi, oviducts)

• Extends from a basal body
• 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules oriented longitudinally
• Center is 2 complete microtubules surrounded by 9 doublets

• (zonula occuludens or occluding junctions)
• Located apical
• Polarity (establish functional biochemical domains)
• Physical barrier

• zonula adherens
• Band around cell
• With-stand physical stress
• Interact with ACTIN filaments

• (macula adherens or attachment plaques)
• Spot or disc connections
• Interact with INTERMEDIATE filaments

• Pores made from connexon
• Couples cells electrically and metabolically
• e.g., movement of Ca2+, cAMP, amino acids, etc.

• Derivatives of epithelial tissue involved in secretion of products
• Classification: Secreted product
• ENDOCRINE
• Secrete directly into blood stream (e.g., hormones, steroids)
• Surrounded by blood vessels. (No ducts)
• EXOCRINE
• Product secreted into duct or tube (e.g., salivary, pancreas)
• Mucous: viscous glycoproteins
• Serous:"watery" protein secretion

• -Unicellular
• e.g., mucous or goblet cell
• -Multicellular
• Simple glands (no branches)
• Compound glands (branches)