Blood

• Liquid portion of blood 55%
• Food, salts and O₂ (3%) are dissolved within
• Wastes are dissolved and transported to excretory organs
• Hormones and other regulatory chemicals

Different types of cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

• Adults have 4 - 6 L
• 7 - 9% of total body weight
• PH 7.35 - 7.45
• Can be stored for 6 weeks

• Blood must be "cross-matched" and "typed"
• Blood can only be stored for 6 weeks

• substance that reacts with the antigen that stimulated its formation
• causes their target antigen to stick together in clusters (agglutinate)

• Substance that stimulates the body to make antibodies
• Usually a foreign protein

• 1. Type A blood: A antigens; contains anti-B antibodies
• 2. Type B blood: B antigens; contains anti-A antibodies
• 3. Type AB blood: A and B antigens; contains no antibodies (Universal recipient)
• 4. Type O blood: No antigens; contains anti-A and and anti- B antibodies (Universal donor)

• RH factor is an antigen
• Persons with RH negative blood develop antibodies against RH positive blood
• RH antibodies do not develop until 1^st exposure
• Babies with RH positive blood and an RN negative mom risk erythroblastosis fetalis
• RhoGAM stops the mother's body from forming anit-RH antibodies

• Albumin: retain water in blood
• Globulin: antibodies that protect us from infection
• fibrinogen: needed for blood clots
• prothrombin: needed for blood clots

• Plasma minus its clotting factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin)
• Contains antibodies

• Red blood cells aka erythrocytes
• White blood cells aka leukocytes
• Platelets or thrombocytes

• aka red bone marrow
• Creates new red blood cells (hematopoiesis)
• found in sternum, ribs and hip bones; vertebrae, clavicles and cranial bones

• creates white blood cells (lymphocytes and monocytes)
• found in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen

• Disorders of formed elements
• Failure of myeloid and lymphatic tissues
• Could be genetic, viral infection, cancer, radiation or toxic chemicals

• sample of myeloid tissue removed from illiac crest or sternum
• sample is tested to confirm or reject a diagnosis

• Myeloid tissue from a compatible donor is introduced intravenously to a patient
• hematopoietic stem cells may also be infused

• aka Erythrocytes
• no nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles
• filled with hemoglobin
• exchanges O₂ and CO₂ with blood and body cells
• Helps maintain acid-base balance
• Normal range of 4.2 - 6.2 million per mm³

• red pigment in red blood cells
• combines with O₂ to form oxyhemoglobin (carries 97% of O2 for cells)
• combines with CO2 to form carbaminohemoglobin (carries 20% of CO₂)

• battery of tests to measure blood components
• routine aspect of physical exams

percentage of whole blood that is RBC

Layer of white blood cells and platelets between plasma and RBCs after blood has been centrifuged

• blood disorder characterized by dramatic increase in RBC numbers
• blood viscosity is increased
• Signs and symptoms: hypertension, coagulation problems and hemorrhaging
• Treatment: blood removal, irradiation of bone marrow and chemo to suppress RBC production

• caused by inadequate RBCs, lack of hemoglobin, defective hemoglobin
• heart and respiratory rates are increased to compensate

decrease in RBC due to acute or chronic blood loss

• Abnormally low RBC counts and destruction of bone marrow
• related to exposure to toxic chems (benzene, mercury), irradiation and certain drugs (chloramphenicol)

• inadequate supply of a substance; usually iron or B vitamin
• Pernicious anemia: dietary deficiency of B₁₂
• Folate deficiency anemia: Folic acid (B₉); common among alcoholics and malnourished
• Iron deficiency anemia: lack of iron in diet; most common nutritional deficiency

• decreacsed RBC life span caused by an increased rate of destruction
• Sickle cell anemia: genetic disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin
• Thalassemia: production of abnormal hemoglobin and microcytic (small) RBC that are short lived

• Two types: granulocytes and agranulocytes
• fights infection

low WBC count

High WBC count

proportions of each WBC is reported within the WBC count

• Aka phagocyte
• granulocyte
• engulfs microorganisms through phagocytosis

• granulocyte
• protects against parasites and prasitic worms

• granulocyte
• secretes histamine
• produce the anticoagulant heparin

• biggest leukocyte
• agranulocyte
• defend by phagocytosis
• becomes a macrophage after leaving the blood stream

• B lymphocytes secrete antibodies
• T lymphocytes attack bacteria and cer directly
• Plama cells are B lymphocytes found in bone marrow cancer

• Lymphoid neoplasms
• Myeloid neoplasms

cancer of of mature B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

• blood cancers that affect WBC
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• Chronic myeloid leukemia (MCL)
• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

essential in blood clotting

stationary blood clot

moving blood clot