-
hormone secreted in the anter pit. glan during hypoglycemia(decreased blood fatty acids, incr. blood amino acids, deep sleep)
Produces increase in uptake of a.a.=increased protein synthesis=growth/maintence
IF/RF
Also causes lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Growth Hormone, Somatotropin, GH
-
The genereation of Glucose from other sources(not diet)
Gluconeogensis
-
Breaking down lipids
Lipoysis
-
stimulated protein synthesis, increa lipolysis, and decreased use of glucose for ATP, promoting hyperglycemia
diabetogenic effect
-
hormone affecting every cell that increases metabolic rate when pituitary secretes TSH
(T3 and T4)
which incre carbohydrate catabolism, incre fat catabolism, incre protein anabolism
Thyroxine
-
genetic business of meiosis of a sperm
Spermatogonium is target cell of FSH
Spermatogenesis
-
in FSH Sertolli cells turn parts of sperm into whole sperm bodies in
spermiogenesis
-
put sprem together inFSH
Sertoli cells
-
target cells of FSH
Sertoli cells, spermatogonium, in f are follicles that producee eggs
-
increases sperm formation, increase sertoli cells, increa inhibin/estrogen, stimulates follicle development of ovaries
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-
comes out of testes in blood, feedsback onto system and turns off gonadotropic releasing factor
Inhibin
-
turned on by hypothalamus for FSH
gonadotropic RF
-
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
- the male leutinizing hormone that is caused by decreased levels of testosterone.
- use gonadotropinRF to secrete LH from the ant pit gland and stimulates testosterone in testes
-
in testes this stimulates testosterone secretion due to LH
interstitial cells of Leydig
-
directly stimulates ovulation
LH
-
as a result of LH, estrogen levels will drop until ____ is formed to get the uterus ready for implantation
corpus luteum
-
hormone stimulated by incre stress, hypothal secretes CorticotropinRF(C-RF) which causes incre glucocorticoid secretion making u more alert, raising BP, incre blood glucose and then stress is decreased
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
-
Targer cells of ACTH
adrenal cortex glucocorticoid
-
target cells of prolactin
mammary glands
-
This hormone is secreted after a woman has given birth due to a neuroendocrine reflex and decreased blood estrogen from pasing a placenta
Prolactin
-
not really an endocrine gland in a strict sense cux the hormones are actually syntheaized by neurons in the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
-
is the axon connection that connects the posterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
-
synaptic vessicles in the post pit gland are filled with
oxytocin or ADH
-
neuroglial cells of post pit gland
pituicytes
-
works by postivie feedback, produces milk let downn or contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor
Oxytocin
-
myoepithilial cells
target cells of oxytocin on mammary gland that produce milk secretion
-
stimulates ADH
increased extracellular fluid osmolarity
-
osmoreceptors
hypothalamic neurosecretory cells maintain how hydrated body fluids are
-
too little ADH secretion. kidneys conserve less water than normal and daily urine output it by 10-fold
Diabetes insipidus
-
effects are increa water reabsorption by kidney tuble cells and
increas thirst
Post pit gland secretion of Antidiuretic hormone ADH(vasopressin)
-
ADH causes
increased extracellular fluid volume and therefore decreased body osmolarity
-
Spherical sac structures consisting the thyroid gland
follicles
-
epithilium of a follicle in thyroid gland
follicular cell
-
made by follicular cell and stored inside follicle
colloid
-
in between follicles in small nests and produce calcitonin/have receptors that measure ca in the extracellular fluid
Parafollicular cells (C-cells)
-
Follicular cells secrete
T3 and T4 (thyroxin)
-
connects two lobes of thyroid gland
isthmus
-
Three steps in Thyroid hormone secretion
- 1. thryoglobulin and tryosine form glycoproteins and secrete into center of follicle'
- 2. iodide ions from blood iodinate tryosine forming colloid
- 3.TSH causes removal of colloid from follicle center and iodinated tryrosine cleaves
- 4. Follicular cells secrete T3T4 into extracellular space to diffuse into blood
-
Thyroxin stimulates what in effort to regulate metabolic processess
- increased carbohydrate catabolism
- increa fat catabolism
- increa protein anabolism
- raises BMR
- and body temp
-
caloriogenic effect
raising body temp
-
Calcitonin works to decrease calcium by
- inhibiting osteoclasts
- stimulating osteogenesis
- and decreasing ca reasbsorption into kidneys(pee it out)
-
hypercalcemia stimulate what of the thyriod gland which will secrete what?
parafollicular cells, calcitonin
-
target cells of calcitonin
osteoblasts, kidney tubules
-
secrete PTH during hypocalcemia
measure intersitial levels of ca
cheif cells
-
all hormones produced by adrenal cortex are
steroids
-
in the adrenal gland the cortex has these hormones and the medulla has
steroids, catecholamines
-
produced by the outermost zone of adrenal cortex (zone glomerulosa)
mineralcorticoids
-
primary minealcorticoid?
aldosterone
-
works to control water and electrolyte balance by controlling K and NA concentrations
Aldosterone
-
HyperKalemia
- too much potassium
- get rid of K through kidneys
-
rennin angio-tension system
- times of dehydration, sodium diffic, system secretes aldosterone.
- Kidneys secrete renin when blood vol is decreased, renin converts protein to angiotensionII which stimulates Aldosterone secretion and therefore incre sodium reabsortion cuz of loss of K and blood vol/pressure incres
-
where the glucocorticoids are produced
Zone Fasiculata of adrenal cortex
-
Promote normal metabolism(make glucose avaliable)
resist stress
anti-inflammatory
Glucocorticoids
-
Gonadocorticoids are of the
- zone reticularis of the adrenal cortex
- sex steroids
- androgens and estrogens
-
receptors for glucose that measure blood glucose levels and secete glucagon when hypoglycemic
alpha cells
-
alpha cells secrete____
Beta cells secrete_____
-
alpha cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon under conditions of
hypoglycemia
-
glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown
-
gluconeogenesis
formation of new glucose from other sources such as amino acids
-
Glucagon raises blood glucose by
- incre glycogenolysis
- increa gluconeogenesis
-
alpha cell are located in the
islets of langerhans in pancreas
-
Beta cells of monitor for conditions of
hyperglycemia
-
when blood glucose is hyperglycemic, insulin is secreted by
beta cells in pancreas
-
how does insuline decre blood glucose?
- increa glycogenesis
- decre glycogenolysis
- decre gluconeogensis
- incre lipogenesis- get fat
-
diabetes mellitus
- honey urine
- high glucose
- pee glucose
- no beta beta cells
-
General adaptation syndrome
alarm, resistence, exhaustion
-
alarm phase
- hypthalamus incre leading to general sympthathetic action of adrenal medulla
- which then leads to secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine ForF
-
consevation of glucose
elevation of blood glucose level
decre imflammatory response
conserve NA and H20
incre blood pressure
Hormones cause these effects in the Resistance phase
-
In the exhaustion phase, multisystem collapse may happy due to
- depressed immune system
- failure of electrolyte balance
- cardiac/ renal failure
- lipid reserve exhaustion
- net result = death
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