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The vocal tract is composed of 3 cavities
- Oral- mouth
- Pharygeal- throat
- Nasal- above the oral cavity
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Malocclusions
- Class I- upper teeth overlap slightly
- Class II- overbite
- Class III-underbite
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Orbicularis Oris
Risorius
Buccinator
- Orbicularis Oris- rounds the lips
- Risorius- retracts the lips at the corner
- Buccinator - lip retraction and cheek depresssion
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Levator Labii superiorioris muscle
Zygomatic minor
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
All 3 upper lips elevators
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Zygomatic Major
Depressor labii inferious
depressor anguli oris
Mentalis
- elevates and retracts angle of the mouth
- pulls lips down and out
- pulls lips down and out
- wrinkles chin and depresses lower lips
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Palatoglossus
- -elevates posterior tongue
- -considered muscle of the velum
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Superior Longitudinal
Function-lingual elevation and lateralization
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Inferior Longitundinal Muscle
- pulls tip downward and/or lateralizes
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Transverse
-narrows tongue
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Vertical
-flattens the tongue and pulls tongue down
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Levator Veli Palatini
elevates the velum and seals off nasal cavities
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Tensor Veli Palatini
-tenses the velum and flattens it
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Vocal Tract Valves
- labial, lingual, velopharygeal, laryngeal
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Source Filter Theory
-states that energy from the source is modified by the resonance characterisitc of the filter
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Periodic Sounds
- -generated by vocal folds
- -vowels, diphthongs, semivowels- and nasals
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Aperiodic Sounds
- -generated along the vocal tract
- -voiceless stops, fricatives, and affricates
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Consonants
-classified by place, manner, and voicing
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Place 
- Bilabial- /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
- Labiodental- /f/, /v/
- Lingualdental- /-
- Linguaalveolar- /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
- Linguapalatal- /
- Linguavelar- /k/,/g/, /w/
- Glottal-
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Manner
- Obstruents (noise-turbulence)
- -stops
- -fricatives
- -affricates
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Vowels
-classified by tongue height and position in oral cavity
- /e/ (mid- front)
- /u /(high-back)
- /a/ (low-central)
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Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
transverse
veritcal
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
- Superior longitudinal- elevates tongue tip
- Inferior longitudinal- depresses tongue tip
- transverse- narrows tongue
- vertical- groove tongue
- genioglossus- protrude and retracts tongue
- hypoglossus- depress tongue
- styloglossus- retract tongue
- palatoglossus - elevate posterior tongue
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Resonance results in ______ or ___ of the frequencies of the vocal fold vibration
amplification or dampening
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Resonance is influenced by ___, ____ ,____ & ____ of the vocal tract
length, shape, size, and openness
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Quarter-wave resonanator
A tube open at one end and closed at the other
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Natural Resonant Frequence
the frequency of sound to which the cavity most effectively responds
Based on length of the vocal tract
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Formant
- displayed as broad bands of energy in spectrogram
- Ddd number multiples of Natural resonance frequency
- F1- 500 Hz
- F2- 1500 Hz (500 x 3)
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To Calculate the Formant Frequency
- Vocal Tract x 4 = Wavelength
- Wavelength/ Speed of Sound = F1
Speed of sound 34,000 cm/sec
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Formants are dependent on the
volume and length of oral cavity
- F1 - pharyngeal cavity
- F2- oral cavity
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