ch 27`

A consequence of European industrialization, in which much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America became economically dependent on and subordinate to manufacturing countries by exporting their raw materials to them

The process which transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into ones based on machine manufacture driven by inanimate sources of energy

British inventor of the “mule,” a mechanical device for spinning cotton threads (1779)

British inventor of a water-driven power loom for weaving cotton cloth (1785)

Scottish inventor of a general-purpose steam engine (1765)

A purified form of coal which replaced charcoal as the fuel used to produce iron (from 1709)

British inventor of a refined blast furnace that made the production of steel cheaper (1856)

British inventor of the steam-powered locomotive (1815)

A production process in which each worker performs a single task, rather than the entire job

An owner of a factory or an investor whose money is used to establish a business

The Marxist term for the emotional and intellectual disconnect experienced by wage earners as a result of their repetitive and meaningless labor

English handicraft workers who tried to reverse the trend toward industrialization by destroying textile machines (1811 – 1813)

American inventor of the cotton gin (1793) and the use of interchangeable parts for the production of firearms

American capitalist who improved the manufacturing of automobiles through the use of assembly line techniques (1913)

A private business owned by many investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks representing shares in the company

A large-scale, vertical business organization which seeks to dominate all facets of a single industry (e.g., Standard Oil Company)

A horizontal business organization in which independent companies or countries within a single industry collude to fix prices and regulate production (e.g., OPEC)

The social change manifested in industrialized regions: declining birthrates (contraception) offset declining mortality rates (sanitation), resulting in population stability

The internal migration of workers from rural areas to growing cities

Cities in the early modern period that often attracted large numbers of migrants, exposing them to disease, malnutrition, pollution, and violence (growth rate < 1 without new immigrants)

Worked to alleviate social and economic problems caused by industrialization; deplored the widening gap between rich and poor; condemned exploitation of workers, especially women and children

German economist and philosopher; author of Das Kapital (1867); co-founder of modern communism

German industrialist and philosopher; co-author of Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848)

According to Marxist theory, the result of socialist revolution, when private property and capitalism are destroyed and the workers of the world rule egalitarian societies

Architect of modern Germany (1871); chancellor who instituted medical insurance, unemployment compensation, and social security for German citizens

Workers’ organizations that seek to improve working conditions and increase wages through collective bargaining and strikes

Russia v. Turkey, Britain, and France, originally over Palestine, but ultimately to prevent Russian expansion into the Black Sea basin; Russian defeat (1853 – 1856)

Russian emancipation of the serfs; part of Russian efforts to industrialize

Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery in the U.S.

Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines joined in Utah (1869)

Linked Moscow to Vladivostok and Port Arthur (1891 – 1904)

Finance minister who oversaw the rapid industrialization of the Russian empire (1892 – 1903)

American naval commander who forced Tokugawa Japan to open its ports to foreign trade (1853)

End of shogunate; Japanese emperor’s power reestablished; rapid industrialization and Westernization (1868)

Industrial and financial business conglomerates that dominated the growing Japanese economy from 1868 to 1945; (literally, “plutocrats”)

Brief and decisive defeat of Chinese forces in Korea and Manchuria, opening the way to Japanese control over these areas (1894 -1895)

Decisive defeats of Russian army in Port Arthur and the Russian Baltic Fleet at Tsushima Strait; established Japanese hegemony in East Asia (1904 – 1905)