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A consequence of European industrialization, in which much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America became economically dependent on and subordinate to manufacturing countries by exporting their raw materials to them
International Division of Labor
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The process which transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into ones based on machine manufacture driven by inanimate sources of energy
Industrialization
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British inventor of the “mule,” a mechanical device for spinning cotton threads (1779)
Samuel Crompton
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British inventor of a water-driven power loom for weaving cotton cloth (1785)
Edmund Cartwright
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Scottish inventor of a general-purpose steam engine (1765)
James Watt
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A purified form of coal which replaced charcoal as the fuel used to produce iron (from 1709)
Coke
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British inventor of a refined blast furnace that made the production of steel cheaper (1856)
Henry Bessemer
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British inventor of the steam-powered locomotive (1815)
George Stephenson
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A production process in which each worker performs a single task, rather than the entire job
Division of Labor
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An owner of a factory or an investor whose money is used to establish a business
Capitalist
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The Marxist term for the emotional and intellectual disconnect experienced by wage earners as a result of their repetitive and meaningless labor
Alienation
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English handicraft workers who tried to reverse the trend toward industrialization by destroying textile machines (1811 – 1813)
Luddites
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American inventor of the cotton gin (1793) and the use of interchangeable parts for the production of firearms
Eli Whitney
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American capitalist who improved the manufacturing of automobiles through the use of assembly line techniques (1913)
Henry Ford
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A private business owned by many investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks representing shares in the company
Corporation
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A large-scale, vertical business organization which seeks to dominate all facets of a single industry (e.g., Standard Oil Company)
Trust
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A horizontal business organization in which independent companies or countries within a single industry collude to fix prices and regulate production (e.g., OPEC)
Cartel
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The social change manifested in industrialized regions: declining birthrates (contraception) offset declining mortality rates (sanitation), resulting in population stability
Demographic Transition
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The internal migration of workers from rural areas to growing cities
Urbanization
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Cities in the early modern period that often attracted large numbers of migrants, exposing them to disease, malnutrition, pollution, and violence (growth rate < 1 without new immigrants)
Demographic Sinks
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Worked to alleviate social and economic problems caused by industrialization; deplored the widening gap between rich and poor; condemned exploitation of workers, especially women and children
Socialists
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German economist and philosopher; author of Das Kapital (1867); co-founder of modern communism
Karl Marx
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German industrialist and philosopher; co-author of Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848)
Friedrich Engels
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According to Marxist theory, the result of socialist revolution, when private property and capitalism are destroyed and the workers of the world rule egalitarian societies
“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
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Architect of modern Germany (1871); chancellor who instituted medical insurance, unemployment compensation, and social security for German citizens
Otto von Bismarck
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Workers’ organizations that seek to improve working conditions and increase wages through collective bargaining and strikes
Trade Unions
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Russia v. Turkey, Britain, and France, originally over Palestine, but ultimately to prevent Russian expansion into the Black Sea basin; Russian defeat (1853 – 1856)
Crimean War
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Russian emancipation of the serfs; part of Russian efforts to industrialize
1861
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Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery in the U.S.
1865
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Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines joined in Utah (1869)
Transcontinental Railroad
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Linked Moscow to Vladivostok and Port Arthur (1891 – 1904)
Trans-Siberian Railroad
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Finance minister who oversaw the rapid industrialization of the Russian empire (1892 – 1903)
Sergei Witte
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American naval commander who forced Tokugawa Japan to open its ports to foreign trade (1853)
Matthew Perry
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End of shogunate; Japanese emperor’s power reestablished; rapid industrialization and Westernization (1868)
Meiji Restoration
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Industrial and financial business conglomerates that dominated the growing Japanese economy from 1868 to 1945; (literally, “plutocrats”)
Zaibatsu
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Brief and decisive defeat of Chinese forces in Korea and Manchuria, opening the way to Japanese control over these areas (1894 -1895)
Sino – Japanese War
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Decisive defeats of Russian army in Port Arthur and the Russian Baltic Fleet at Tsushima Strait; established Japanese hegemony in East Asia (1904 – 1905)
Russo – Japanese War
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