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Toxicology
Study of nature, effects, detection of poisons & treatment of poisoning
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Toxin
Poisonous substance, protein structure, secreted by certain organisms
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Toxic
Harmful, destructive, deadly; poisonous
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Toxicant
Poison/poisonous agent
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Toxicity
Poisons toxic degree
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Toxicogenic
Producing poison or toxic substance
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Toxicosis
Pathological condition from poisoning
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Toxin-Antitoxin
Toxin mixture
Antitoxin with slight excess of toxin, formerly vaccine
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Toxoid
Toxin that lost toxicity
Retained capacity to stimulate production of, or combine with, antioxins in immunization
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Antidote
Remedy/agent to counteract effects of poison
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Poison
Substance imperils health/life when absorbed into body
Causes injury/death, especially by chemical means
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Toxin
Poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, pathogenic bacteria that is toxic (poisonous) to humans
Poison of plant or animal origin
All toxin are poison, not all poison are toxin
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LD50: Median Lethal Dose
Poison/radiation amount that kills 50% of group administered to
Dose calculated on amount of material given per gram or kilogram of body weight, or amount per unit of body surface area
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MLD: Minimum Lethal Dose
Smallest does of poison/radiation on record that kills
Smallest amount given that will result in death
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Factors influencing MLD
- Corpulence
- Age
- Health
- Physical state of poison (solid, liquid, gas)
- Method of administration
- Habituation
- Tolerance
- Metabolic rate
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Habituation
Habitual exposure will develop tolerance
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Acetone
Fingernail polish remover, dry wash shampoo
Dimethyl ketone
Colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, miscible with water, useful solvent, sweet fruity ethereal odor
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Alcohols
Arterial/cavity chemicals
Methanol - methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, CH3OH
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Methanol
Methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, CH3OH
Colorless, poisonous liquid, burns with non-luminous flame
Oxidized in body to formaldehyde
Highly toxic when induced through digestive tract, causing blindness in low dosees, death in large dose
Good solvent
Slight antiseptic/preservative qualities
Anitfreeze, paint remover, solvent in shllac & varnish, denaturant in denatured alcohol
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Alkyl halides
Chloroform & Carbon tetrachloride
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Amitrole
Herbicide
Controls weeds & grasses
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Ammonia
Cleaning agent, neutralize formaldehyde forming urotropin
Never use with chlorine bleach
Vinegar mix will neutralize due to acetic acid
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Camphor
Used for scent, cooking ingredient, embalming fluid
Waxy, white/transparent solid
Strong aromatic odor, ability to sublimate
Terpenoid in wood of large evergreen trees and others in laurel family
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Cresol
Lysol - cresols are methyl derivatives of phenol
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Dichlorophene & Hexachlorophene
Used in vitro inhibition of Giardia lamblia & Trichomonas vaginalis
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Diethanolamine
Organic chemical compound, secondary amino and dialcohol
Chemical variants common ingredients in cosmetics & shampoos (create creamy texture, foaming action)
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Diethylformamide
Colorless liquid, miscible with water, majority of organic liquids
Common solvent for chemical reactions
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Ethyl acetate
Ester found useful solvent in nail polish remover, model paint, and model airplane glue
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Sodium Salt of EDTA
Antidote for metal poisoning, anticoagulant, ingreadient in variety of detergents
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Formaldehyde
Preservative, in most embalming chemicals
Gas in pure state, solid in 37% aqueous solution as formalin (use as biological sterilant, preservative, embalming fluid)
Material in manufacture of plastics like Bakelite, Formica, & Melamine; component of adhesives in bind plywood, part of foam insulation
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Formic acid
Methanoic acid - oxidation product of formaldehyde
Naturally in venom of bee and ant stings
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Glutaraldehyde
5 carbon dialdehyde
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Glycols
Active ingredient in antifreeze
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Hypochlorites
OC1 - Bleaches like Sodium Hypochlorite NaOC1
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Isobytane
Known as Tertiary butane
Methylpropane and/or 2 - methyl propane - CH3CH(CH3)CH3 (gas in lighters)
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Methyl ethyl ketone
Known as Butanone
Organic solvent similar to acetone with 4 carbons
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Mineral Spirits
Solvent, cleaning solution
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Nitrocellulose
Historically "gun cotton", was used in immobilize proteins due to nonspecific affinity for amino acids
Due to explosive nature all but disappeared from use
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Orthodichlorobenzene
Spot remover
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Oxalic acid
Monounsaturated omega - 9 fatty acid in various animal & vegtable sources
Hinder progression of ALD or Adrenoleukodystrophy (fatal disease affects brain and adrenal gland)
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Paradichlorobenzene
Mold inhibitor
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Paraformaldehyde
Solid form of formaldehyde
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Phenol/phenolic compounds
Jaundice fluids
Characteristic odor, dangerous due to rapid corrosive action on tissues
Effective as bacteriostatic agent (when properly diluted)
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Plaster of Paris
Active ingredient of hardening compounds
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Propane
In gas torches, lighters
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Quartz
Known as silica
Inhalation can lead to silicosis, bronchitis or cancer (dust lodged in lungs & continuously irritates them, reducing lung capacities)
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Quaternary ammonium compounds
Surface active agents, cleansers
Soaps will neutralize quat
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Talc
Mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate (quartz)
Widely used substance known as talcum powder
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Toluene
Known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane
Clear, water insoluble liquid with typical smell of paint thinners, aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as solvent
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Benzene
Volatile liquid, immiscible (NOT) with water, able to dissolve fats, used as solvent (cleaning fluid)
Used as synthesis of innumerable dyes & drugs
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Chloroform
heavy, clear, colorless liquid, strong ether like odor, formed by action of chlorinated lime on methyl alcohol
Usage is obsolete
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Carbon tetrachloride
Clear, colorless liquid with ethereal odor resembling chloroform, not flammable
Having narcotic & anesthetic properties resembling chloroform
Too toxic for anesthetic, mechanism of injury is acute atrophy of liver and kidney
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Ethyl ether
Ethyl oxide or diethyl ether, preciously in anesthesia, highly flammable
Do not store once opened due to toxic products forming when exposed to light
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