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Paramagnetic
elements/compounds attracted to a magnet due to unpaired electrons
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diamagnetic
substances experience replusion when subjected to a magnetic feild becuase all electrons are paired
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aufbau principle
"building up" proceedure by which elec are assigned to orbitals
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elec are assigned to shells in order of _____ ____ ____, making .....
increasingly higher engergy, making the atom's total energy as low as possible
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the subshell energies in a multielectron atom depend on both ...
"n + l" values (shell plus subshell - the principle and azmurthal quantum numbers)
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2 general rules predict electron arrangement:
1) electrons are assigned to subshells in order of ____________
2) for two subshells with the same ___________, electrons are __________
2 general rules predict electron arrangement:
- 1) electrons are assigned to subshells in order of increasing "n+l" value
- 2) for two subshells with the same "n+l" value, electrons are assigned first to the subshell of lower "n"
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Effective Nuclear Charge (Z*)
the average charge experienced by an electron in a multielectron atoms, as modified by the other electrons and the nucleus
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Subshell filling order:
Order of increasing "n + l" value; when two subshells have the same "n+l" value, the subshell of the lower "n" is filled first
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grounded state configuration
electrons found in locations resulting in lowest possible energy
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valence electrons
the outermost and most reactive electrons of an atoms; determine chemical properties
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core electrons
electrons in the atom's completed set of shells (Noble Gas config)
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number of valence electrons =
group #; same group, same valence elec config
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Hund's Rule
the most stable arrangement of electrons is that with the maxium number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin direction
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s-block elements
valence elec config: ns^1 (1A) or ns^2 (2A)
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p-block elements
ns^2 np^x, where "x" varies 1-6 (3A-8A) and "n" is the period in which the element is located
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Transition elements fill the ....
d subshells
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transition elements are proceeded by ______ then the ____
transition elements are proceeded by ns^2 then the (n-1)d orbitals are filled
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elec config for Chromium (Cr_24)
[Ar] 4s^1 3d^5
the six valence electrons are spaced through all six orbitals making up the s and d subshell, leaving the single s orbital with one electron
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elec config for Copper (Cu_29)
[Ar] 4s^1 3d^10
the eleven valence electrons fill the d subshell, leaving the s subshell with one electron
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elec config of cations
elec removed from shell of highest "n" and subshell of max. "l"
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elec config of anions (non-metals)
emulates next closet noble gas config (full orbital shell)
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elec config of transition metal ions
ns elec lost before (n-1)d elec (due to a higher energy)
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High energy orbitals are __________ and therefore ______
High energy orbitals are not stable and therefore electrons are easily removed
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