-
What is the main reason that cereals were the first crops domesticated
becasue cereals can be stored easy
-
Gree Revoloution
- Father is Dr. Norman Borlaug
- not accessible to small and large farmers
- plant imporvement and agronomic package were primary reasons for the green revolution
- ignores certain regions of world
-
what percent rage of moisture content will be required to avoid seed spol when they storage of seeds
less than 14%
-
3 major cereal crops in the world
corn wheat and rice
-
row crops include
corn cotton and peanuts
-
Photosynethese is most likely stops by stress due to __________ rather than __________ for the photosynthesis reaction
-
Chlorophyll in leaf contains _____ & _____
N & K
-
Factors of respiration of stored fruits tuber ect
- low temp
- low O2
- low moisture
-
factor affect photosynthesis
- CO2 concentration
- water
- leaf area
-
concering temp in leight reaction
photosynthesis rates decrease after they pass optimum temp
-
C3 plants
involved in normal repiration
-
reason ppl are starving in Soviet Union
poor ag marketing
-
Produc by anaerobic respiration
butter
-
Respiration factors
- increasing temp
- water content
- sugar availabiltiy
-
Plants require _____ & ____ for synthesis in photosynthesis reaction
Fe & Mn
-
Water & Mineral nutrients in absorption
- mineral nutrients and water can absorbed through root hair
- mineral nutients can be absorbed by active uptake
- active uptake requires energy of ATP from respiraton directly
-
___________ developed a means of vaccination animals to m ake them immune to disease
Louis Pasterur
-
Exampls of C3, C4, and Cam plants
- C3 - wheat, barley, & oats
- C4 - Corn, Sorghum, Sugar Cane
- Cam- desert plants Cactus & Pinaple
-
Classificaton system (KPCOFGS)
- Kingdon
- Pyllm
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Geunus
- Specis
-
Scentific name of common corn wheat and rice
- Zea mays = corn
- Triticum aestivum = wheat
- Oryza sativa = rice
- (cap first word, low case 2nd word all I)
-
Pop. increases 211,000 a day = to what city
new orleans
-
Mathus theory popl. will be controled by food production: Pop increases _______ while food production increases
- Geometrically
- arithmetically
-
humans have directed selection in crop breeding to improve _____ & _______
yeilding & quality
-
key develop ment in crop produciton of ag
- plant slection
- perservation & storage
- improved cultivation
-
Photorespiration occurs
when stomata in plant leaves closed with lack of CO2
-
moisture contend that can be uses in U.S. and U.K
30%-40% mosture content with lower O2 level
-
Cam plant opens stomata at _____
night
-
CAM stands for
Crassulacean Acid Metoblism
-
general chemical raction of photosynthesis and respiration
- 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + heat
-
Scientific naming system for plants bases on
Genus & spieces names
-
six kingdoms
- protista
- tungia
- plantae
- animila
- eubactires
- arochabactira
-
mineral nutriens will be absorpiton by _____ and water i will be absorbed. Te both mineral nutrients and water wil transported therough _____
-
______ is branch of bio that groups an names organisms bases on studies of their different characteristics
taxonomy
-
_____ is broad leaved herbaceous plants in rangland
forbs
-
what plant has symbioticnirtogen fixation? list 2 examples
-
what bacteria can produce nirtogen for symbiotic nirtogen fixaton
rhizobium
-
Wht ph value can be estimated in acid soil
4
-
what can be applies to neutralize acid soil
agricultural lime
-
How much N are in 20 lb bag of fertilizer labeled 5-10-10?
5% of 20
5-10-10 (5 = N
-
-
which state has higher ET
Florida
-
High Humidity causes low et (true or false)
True
-
High vegetation causes low ET (true or false)
False
-
eight states that belong ot OGALLA aquifer
TX, OK, NM, KS, SD , WY, Colorado, Nerbraska
-
-
factors determine feasibility of irrigation
- avaliablity of water
- energy needs
- crops to be gown
- initial cost
-
how much water should be applied of 1 acre with 1 in depth
27,000 gallons
-
equation to calculate organin
&OM dived by 1.7
-
3 green house gasses
- CO2 - carbon dioxide
- CH4 - methane
- N20 - nitrous oxide
-
what part of divot seed and nono cot seed can protect the plumule
- dicot: hypocotyl
- monocot: Coleptile
-
-
basic chemical componets in seeds
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- oils
-
which plant has lost carbohydrate endosperm
barley
-
2 basic componets of all seeds
- embryo
- energy source
- outer covering
-
what part of seed can be a future root
radicle
-
when do plant change to photomorphogenesis form skotomorphogenesis
when hypocotyle of seed breaks soil surgface
-
diffreence bw first true leaves and cotyledons
cotyledons are the temporary engergy reserves of the immature plant unitl the 1 true leaves appear
-
define 1 node
area whenre the cotyledon apper
-
where does new root of divot come from
cortex
-
which imbibes higher perscent of water for germination
soybean
-
______ i produced dro mfoudation seed (register seed ect.)
-
3 class weeds are classified by each state in 3 classes
- probibited noxious = field bind weed, yellow nusedge
- restricted noxious = dodder & johnsongrass
- common weeds = pigweed & crabgrass
-
-
main factor which cna affect to open or clos stoata in C3 & C4 plants
tempeture
-
when will stomata be classed in C3 & C4 plants
- during night
- during drought stress
-
why harvetin as plant is matured is not good time
- less protein
- leaves are lost
-
function of stems
- transport
- storage
- photosynthesis
- support and display
-
Cimmyt =
IRRI =
USAID =
- international maize and wheat imporvement center ( mexico)
- Intration rice research instiute ( philippines
- U.S land grant colleges through inernational ag programs
-
Crop -->Orgin --> center of production
corn
wheat
potato
soybean
- corn = central america=U.S corn belt
- wheat = asia=US central plains
- Potato = S. America = W. Europe
- Soy bean = Central China = brazil
-
Fallow =
leave land idel for a growing season
-
Cro rotation with legumes =
cereal --> legume --> cereal
-
c3 plants
- exhibit ligh dependent
- normal respircaton
- all cool season crops ( wheat, barley potato)
-
C4 plants
- no photorespiraton
- many warm season crops ( sugar cane maize sorghum)
- better adapte dot high temps, high light, high moister stress
-
CAM plants
- no photorespiration stoata open at night closed at day
- mostly deserte plants cactus pineapple
-
faceots affectin the rate of respiration
- temp,
- water content
- oxygen & sugar avalability
-
Micro nutrients plants need
Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu
-
diffences bw xylem and phloem
- xylen just travels up phloem goes up and down
- phloem transports sugars xylem does not
- xylem uses passive uptake phloem uses active
- pheloem uses ATT to transport xylem uses transpiration
-
summer annual
- complete life cylcle in one summer
- peanut, soybean, pig weed
-
winter annuals
- start in fall overwinter and finsh cycle nest summer winnter rye
- winnter wheat
- winter barley
-
biennial
- grwo vegetaviely the first summer overwinter flower andn mature 2 summer
- sweet clover
- sugar beet
-
perennial
- grow from year to year indefintely
- bermuda grass, all trees alfafa
-
warm seaons crops
cool seasn crops
- w= begin in later spring grow till fall ( cotton corn blue stems
- c = grow early spring mature by mid summer
-
hay
eniter immature plants cut, dry cured,
-
silage
forage perserved in moist condition
-
haylage
simmilar to silage by lower moisture
-
soilage
green chop ( corn or sorghum cut when green and fed directly
-
foddler
whole nearly mature corn or sorghum harvested and dry cured
-
stover
dry corn or sorghum residue after the grain has been harvested
-
straw
dry small grain residue ager the grain has been harvested
-
most recmment droages foun in LA
- annual rye grass
- cereal rye
- oats
- dallisgrass
- bermudagrass
- bahigrass
-
mono cluture=
rotaion =
inter ropping =
sequentiial cropping =
- MC = same crop year after year
- R = changing type of crop on scheduled basis
- IC= growing 2 or more crops at same time on same land
- SC= growing to mor crop one after the otherl in same year on same land
-
nirtogen ferilizer can offent be ___________ bc it is _______ in soil
-
bout et
- about 67% of porption returns to the atmospere through et from conterninou U.S.
- low temp decresses et
- high winds increase et
- high ligh increase ET
-
-
Shreveport belongs to what aguifer system
sparta
-
benefit of cover crops
decrease erosion and soil ccrusting
-
When ____ available water depleted irrigation will be required
60%
-
waich irrigation methods would expect to ave lower evaporation, lower leavhin and low errosion effect on land preparation
trickle
-
wich has more dark color than other horizons
A horizon
-
wich of the following is false when soiil properties are compred bw sandy and clay in each situation
adsoption of nutrients in sady in bigger than clay
-
orgain matter helps open and lossen for _____ orgainc matter helps "glue" togerther _____
clay sand
-
soili water from cannot be used for plant growht bc of= fast movement of water by gravity
FC
-
which of follwoing is true concerning orgain matter
O.M cna be used to control soil stucture
-
whic of the follwoin is true concerning in soil organisms
one of them is fungi can convert large particles to stable humus
-
essential elemets that comr from air and water are
C, H, O
-
what method of fertilizer application can be used for corn
sidedress
-
what part of orgainc matter cna be broken down faster than others
lignin
-
carbon sotage ins ______ is major reserviorq
deep oceans
-
wat is the highest percentage in organin matter
carbon
-
what percent of orgain carbon is at 34% prgaomc matter in soil
20%
-
four basic componets of of all soils and percent of eac
- soild soil -45%
- organic matter - 5%
- water - 25 %
- air 25%
-
why soil becomes acidic
- lenching and high rainfall
- crop removal
- denitrotication
-
for ways to maintain soil orgain matter
- soil errioson
- crop rotaion
- residue into soil
- add OM to soil
-
develovped from the nodes whichh then becomes a new stem
axillary bud
-
plant has lost ob carbohydrates in endospperm
barley
-
nutrients are ___
charnged forms of ions and most oare hydrated (surrounded by water
-
nutreints supplied ot root surgaced in 3 ways
- root interce
- mass flow
- diffusion
-
nutrints which are disolved in the soil sluiont move to ____
root surfaces
-
|
|
