A&P II Final

Essential organs are gonads which include

Sex cells are called _____ or _____ and have ____ chromosomes

Testies are devided into

Within each lobule there are

Inside the seminiferous tubules there are special cells called

Sertoli cells produce what hormone

Follicle stimulation hormone stimulates

Outside the tubules there are interstitual cells of

Seminiferous tubules deliver sperm to the

A thick wall tube that transports sperm from the epididymis up to the prostate gland

Vas deferens contains arteries and veins and is where a _____ is preformed

Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) close because of

Causes larger muscle, vocal changes, hair distribution, and sexual behavior

Inflammation of the epididymis

Secretes alkaline viscous or think liquid
-represents about 50% of semen
-contains fructose which gives energy to the sperm
-Alkaline helps neutralize the pH of the vagina

Seminal vesicle passes through the

secretes a watery slightly-acidic fluid with represents
about 30 % of sperm and contains citrate which is also nutrient to sperm

Prostate secretes

PSA test for

By age 50 about 2/3 of men will have

By age 70 ½ of male population will have

By age _____100% of male population will have prostate cancer

BPH can be caused by:

Levels go down which means the testosterone availability goes down causing the testosterone produced by adrenal gland become more significant

Chemical change that takes place on the head of the sperm so it can attach to the egg

-is the cap of the head of sperm
-contains hydrolytic enzymes which break through the cervical mucus allowing the sperm to pass through the uterus
-the enzyme digests the outer lining of the egg

Located in the body of sperm, produce fructose and citrate

Temperature for optimal sperm production is about_____ lower than normal body temperature, thus the reason for the testis outside of
the body

Billion’s of sperm are necessary for fertilization; if sperm count gets below ____it is considered a non event

Positives of Circumcision/ if not circumcised

Negatives of Circumcision

Condition where fore skin is so tight over the head of the penis it can’t retract

Trimming of prostate to create space for urination in
urethra

low production of sperm

Oligospermia caused by several different things

undescended testes, one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth

Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum

Most coming in males between 20-35 years old

Very slow growing; doesn’t readily metastasize unless
biopsy done

Two tests for Prostate cancer:

Erectile Dysfunction impotence could be caused by:

Female reproduction gonads are referred to as

Gametes of female reproductive system

Space between the vagina and the anus

Clip of the perineum: episiotomy (tears during pregnancy)

fetus develops anywhere besides the uterus

Ovaries house immature eggs

A mature egg

Process of releasing the egg/ovum goes

Ovum is coated with ______ that help the egg move into the fallopian tube

Hormones secreted by ovaries

Lining of uterus

Is a massive supply of blood capillaries

Within the uterus there are glands that secrete mucus and the mucus

Egg gets fertilized then the offspring is going to implant in the

Uterine milk produces by glands which makes the

If implantation doesn’t take place then the endometrial lining sheds off during

Stimulates growth of mammary glands during pregnancy

stimulates secreting cells which secrete milk

Change from light pink to brown in early stages of pregnancy

Breastfeeding positives:

Ovum has to be fertilized within

Sperm can last

Stimulates the alveoli (in the breast) to release milk

Causes contracts and stimulates alveoli to eject milk

average is getting down to 11-12 years old because of the hormones

End of menses or period

Painful menstruation (sometimes caused from lack of nutrition)

Painful urination

Lack of menses or period (normal after pregnancy, birth control and well trained athletes)

Bleeding or spotting in between menstruation and could be structural or hormonal

Functioning or active endometrial tissue (lots of capillaries) outside the uterus

Major cause of infertility and effects about 1 million women in the US

Inflammatory of the fallopian tube

Usually woman over 40 years old, history of miscarriages, endometriosis and few or no children

More prevalent in women who are obese, infertile
or prolonged use of estrogen usually occurs in women between ages of 30-50 years old

Caused by estrogen dominance

Period of time it takes from fertilization to birth

Hormone that makes birthing possible produced to react with tendon and ligaments

Placenta in the way of birthing canal

the nutrients that we consume a lot of including: carbs, fats, water & protein

vitamins, minerals (or trace minerals)

Minerals that we take or need more of including:
calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium
and phosphorus

are important components of coenzymes and coenzymes are important to activate enzymes.

are the catalyses of life, make all the chemistry in our body happen

One enzyme can react with______different molecules per min.

are necessary for your health, but you only need a small amount

(Types of what?) iron, zinc, iodine, cobalt---needed to make B12, chromium, vanadium---lack of these two can lead to type 2 diabetes and lithium

not only in the blood, but in every cell of your body (including cytochromes)

are also components that activate co-enzymes

Vitamin B & C (hard to over dose on water soluble vitamins)

Vitamin A,D, E & K

vitamin that is good for eyes

Deficiency in Vitamin C

Deficiency in what vitamint could cause Ricketts and calcium absorption

Vitamin E

ACE

Neutralize free radicals which means less damage to the cell

End of DNA that is known as the:

We get fiber from

enough energy to heat 1 g of water to 1 degree C

8 killa Calories create

BMR

To measured BMR a person must be awake, resting and measured by

_____ killa calories to one regular calorie

all labels are written in

______ diets bad because brain is mostly fat and cholesterol molecules, by cutting fat out of
diets we are starving the materials needed for brain

_____ fats olestra, in potato chips (gave headaches)

What we need fats for:

Causes inflammatory reaction leading to plaque

are liquid at room temperature, easier to digest (contains a double bond)

Force hydrogen to attach and break the double bond

If you are not getting the right amount of good fats could cause:

Bind to cell receptor cites that will increase metabolism

High protein and fat intake (Atkins diet)
Problems:

causes body to burn fat

Problems from HcG diet

_____ burn most calories

Where do we get our body temperature of 98.6

Producing glucose out of fat and muscle cells

Weight loss principles include 3 things:

tell body that they are starving and slows down metabolism

Zoda, coffee, black tea, fried foods, sugar, white stuff (flour, cocaine etc.) and high protein diets ar all ______

most vegetables, citrus—lemon digested, alfalfa & grasses are _______

-Dying microbes make us more _______ which makes us fat because it slows down metabolism

Microbs that are the worse for us

cause weight gain because our body doesn't know how to break it down

When heated above 85 degrees turn into formaldehyde

Need a healthy _____ to lose weight

Pop belly, bloating, indigestion, high blood pressure, coated tongue, not a morning person wake-up
restless, skin issues such as: eczema, brown spots also little red dots on the torso, white nail bed spots, Acid reflux etc.

Things to help liver:

Large midsection, thin arms & legs, cravings for cheese, chocolate, salt and swollen ankles at night, fatigue, dark circles around the eyes, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, depression, white discolored skin patches, not morning people

Stresses of Adrenal gland

Fatigue, weight gain, weakness, sleepiness, dry skin, hair loss, cold intolerance (chills), outer eyebrow thinning, sagging eyelids, lower body temperature, nails have vertical lines, cold hands and feet

Chlorine, fluoride and estrogen lowers

Organic foods, get pesticides off of veggies and
fruits because it can mimic estrogen, tyrosine and cruciferous veggies

saddle bag appearance (heavy in the hips),
cycle symptoms, exposure to pesticides and herbicides & PMS

6 Fat buring hormones

Causes liver to release IGF

causes muscle growth and retention and fat burning

Helps break down glycogen

main hormone that releases fat from the fat cells

Increase the size and number of mitochondria
in cells to increase metabolism

Promotes muscle development and fat loss

3 Fat storing hormones that the body produces

helps break down glycogen and releases glucose for instant energy (causes a spike in insulin)

can’t burn fat when _____ is present in quantity or if it spikes

Causes fat deposition

12 principles of fat burning

-starving themselves, not successful because not getting nutrients
-95% are women between the ages of 12-25 years old

eating and then purging, spike insulin

Good body mass index:

_____ are very efficient at holding onto the water and
electrolytes if we are dehydrated

body has eliminated a significant amount of water and less sodium due to not drinking enough water and replacing electrolytes

too much plasma sodium caused by to much intravenous saline

person who loses high volume of sodium through
sweat and just drinking plain water

is most abundant in the intracellular fluid

higher than normal levels of potassium in the blood, hemolytic anemia, this can eventually cause cardiac arrest (vets give animal a shot of potassium to put
them down)
renal failure and acidosis

heavy perspiration and could result from chronic vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms: muscle weakness

_____affects the pH of extracellular cellular fluid

Hyperparathyroidism or hypothyroid, can cause
cardiac arrhythmia and muscle weakness. Need calcium for bone strengthening and activates muscle contraction and relaxation, bone, activates neurotransmitters and important in blood clotting.

Caused by vitamin d deficiency, hyporparathyroidism or hyperthyroidism, pregnancy and lactation can cause this. Will cause muscle cramping, tetany (muscles locked) or even death

Are generally abundant in the ICF (intercellular fluid), cells bodies have phosphate in it because of the
phospholipid bilayer. Very important part of energy molecules and bone matrix