Biology Chapter 7, Section 3.

• The cytoskeleton:
• -give the cell support.
• -helps anchor the organelles inside the side.

• Microtubules
• -long, hollow protein cylinders.
• -assist in moving substances within the cell.

• Microfilaments
• -thin protein threads.
• -helps give the cell its shape.
• -allows the entire cell or parts of the cell to move.

• The nucleus is surrounded by a membrance called the nuclear envelope..
• -the nucleus envelope has pores that allow substances to move in & out.

• Inside the nuclear envelope is chromatin.
• -chromatin are threads of DNA & protein.

• -where proteins are made.
• -made up of RNA & protein.
• -do not have a membrane.
• -ribosomes can be found free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• -free floating ribosomes produce proteins to be used within the cell.
• -the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum produce proteins to be used by the membrane or sent out of the cell.

• Rough ER
• -has ribosomes attached to the surface.
• -where proteins are produced to be exported out of the cell.

• Smooth ER
• -doesn't have ribosomes attached.
• -synthesis of lipids.

• -the golgi apparatus is a flattened stack of membrane sacs.

• -it modifies, sorts, & packages proteins.
• -proteins made at the rough ER may be sent to the golgi.

• -a membrane sac used to store food, enzymes, wastes, & other materials.

• -animal cells usually do not contain vacuoles.

• -a vesicle surrounded by a membrane.
• -that contains enzymes to breakdown wornout organelles, food particles, viruses, & bacteria.

• -organelles made up of microtubulues.
• -play a role in cell division.
• -found in pairs arranged perpendicular to each other.
• -found in animal cells not plant cells.

• 1. Smooth, outer membrane.
• 2. Folded, inner membrane - the foldee(s) increases surface area for chemical reactions.
• 

• -is a type of plastid.
• -plastids are organelles found in plant cells that contain starches, fats or pigments.
• -chloroplasts have 2 membranes.
• -inside the inner membrane are located disk-shaped membrane sacs called thulakoids.
• -thulakoids are where the green pigmant chlorophyll is located.
• -chloroplasts capture light energy & convert it to chemical energy in organic compounds.

Chlorophyll is a green pigmant located in the thulakoids.

• -thick rigid structure that surrounds the outside of the cell wall.
• -it protects the cell & gives it support.
• -contains cellulose. <-- (carbohydrate) <-- (polysaccaride of glucose)
• -the cell wall contains pores to allow substances to enter & leave.
• -cell wall is permeable.
• -not found in animal cells.

• -extends out from the surface of the cell.
• -made up of 9 groups of 2 microtubules arranged around a center pair of microtubules. **
• -cilia are short hair like projections.
• -flagela are longer than ee cilia.
• -typically a cell has numerous cilia, but only one or a few flagela.
• -cilia & flagla aid in the movement of the cell or substances across the cell.